1. Building Technology

2. Building Execution Planning :
Predetermined course of action to obtain the desired project activities. It also involves the formulation of alternatives and chooses the best suitable. During planning phase, project is required to be split up into well definable work in terms of time and resources.
Scheduling:
It is the arranging of the work plan in the sequence of time.
Scoping :
Scoping is the defining the object of the project. Thus, the project must be stated in the definite end measurable terms, which include costs, schedule or quality of performance. Thus we obtain realistic and specific objective of the project during scoping.
Organizing :
Integrating the resources in the project is termed as organizing. Money, equipment, time, technology, manpower, materials are resources. Putting them together to obtain desired result in organizing.

3. Controlling :
Controlling is the monitoring, influencing and directing the project.
The progress of project is assessed through suitable measure; deviations are discovered and corrective measures are taken to rectify the deviation.
Following steps are involved in controlling a project.
Assess the progress of the project, measure quality and flow of money.
Compare with original schedule, specification, design. Also obtain the quality of conformance.
Take necessary action to correct if there is any deviation from the earlier plans.

4. Directing:
It is function of project leader to give instructions to subordinates, supervise their work and corresponds to the report when they give as feedback. Basically directing is linked with organization setup of project management team.
Staffing:
This is the process of dividing the project work and placing suitable person at the appropriate positions. Recruitment, training and their assessment are part of staffing.
Coordinating:
This is the process of interaction between different departments or functionalities in the project management group which generally follows pyramidal structure. 
Estimation:
Estimation evaluates the resources in terms of cost. Planning evaluates the resources in terms of time. Adding both together as is necessary to obtain the cash flow.

5. Construction steps:- Grading and site preparation
Foundation construction
Framing
Installation of windows and doors
Roofing
Siding
Rough electrical
Rough plumbing
Rough HVAC
Insulation
Drywall
Underlayment
Trim
Painting
Finish electrical
Bathroom and kitchen counters and cabinets
Finish plumbing
Carpet and flooring
Finish HVAC
Hookup to water main, or well drilling
Hookup to sewer or installation of a septic system
Punch list

6. Stone masonry important terms
Sill
Corbel
Course
Cornice
Weathering
Throating
Lacing course
Facing

9. Stone masonry
Based on arrangement of the stones in the construction and degree of refinement in surface finish
1.Rubble masonry
2.Ashlar masonry

10. Rubble masonry
Stones are undressed or roughly dressed having wider joints
Strength depends
1.Quality of mortar
2.Use of long through stones at particular interval
3.Proper filling of mortar

11. Types
1.Uncoursed 2.Coursed 3.Random 4.Dry 5.Polygonal 6.Flint

12. Coursed rubble Heights 50 to 200mm Stones sorted out Use
Public and residential buildings
Types
1.Course rubble masonry I sort
2.Course rubble masonry II sort
3.Course rubble masonry III sort

13. Course rubble masonry I sort
Stones and courses same height
Face stones dressing by hammer
Bushings wont don’t project by more than 40 mm
Thickness mortar joint <10mm

14. Course rubble masonry II sort
Stones different height
course same height
Two stones used to make one height of one course
Thickness mortar joint <12mm

15. Course rubble masonry III sort
Stones different height min 50 mm
course need not same height
Three stones used to make one height of one course
Thickness mortar joint <16mm

16. Uncoursed rubble masonry
Stones are not dressed
Available from quarry
Courses are not maintained regularly
Larger stones laid first
Space filled by means of spalls or snecks
Wall 300 to 500 mm
Use
compound walls,godowns, garage ,labour quarters

17. Uncoursed rubble masonry

18. Random rubble Stones irregular size and shape
Arranged to get good appearance
Skill need to make structurally stable
Random rubble masonry I sort
Face stones chisel dressed
Thickness mortar joint <6mm
Face hammer chisel dressed
Thickness mortar joint <12mm
Use compound walls,godowns,residential

19. Dry rubble Course rubble III sort No mortor Cheap but skill work need
Use
compound wall,pitching on bridge approaches,retaining walls

20. Polygonal rubble Stones hammer dressed
Stones face work are dressed in irregular polygonal shape
More skill need regard stability and appearance

21. Flint Stones used flints Width and thickness vary from 80 to 150 mm
The face arrangements either coursed or uncoursed
Strength of a flint walls increased by lacing course long stones or bricks at verical distance of 1 to 2m
Places where flints be available

22. Ashlar Square or rectangular blocks of stone Not same height necessary
Height varies from 250 to 300 mm
Length of stones not to exceed 3 times the height and depth into wall atleast equal to half the height

23. Ashlar types 1.Ashlar fine masonry 2.Ashlar rough tooled masonry
Ashlar rock or quarry faced masonry
Ashlar chamfered masonry
Ashlar block in course masonry
Beds and stones finely dressed
Stones in proper bond
Thickness not to exceed 3mm
Smooth appearance but costly

24. Ashlar rough tooled masonry
Beds and sides are finely chisel dressed
Face made rough by tools
Strip 25 mm wide provided around perimeter of every stone by chisel exposed for view
Thickness of mortar joint not to 6mm
Bastard ashlar

25. Ashlar rock or quarry faced
Strip 25 mm
Remaining left as received from quarry
Projections exceed 80 mm removed by hammer
Massive appearance

26. Ashlar chamfered masonry
Strip
Chamfered at an angle 45
Strip 12 mm
Projections exceed 80 mm removed by hammer

27. Ashlar block in course Intermediate between rubble and ashlar
Face hammer dressed
Thickness not exceed 6mm
Depth 200 to 300 mm
Use
Heavy engineering works retaining walls,sea walls
Theatre,temple,railway station,bridges and public buildings