1. Animal Health
Ms. Paulisich

2. Detecting Unhealthy Animals
Decreased appetite
Depressed
Isolated- from group
Stiff moving
Inattentive
Hunch back
Mucus discharge
Coughing
Weezing

3. Disease
Any deviation from normal health in which there are physiological, anatomical, and chemical change in animal’s body.
Disease divided according to progress:
Acute: Sudden appearance of symptoms
Chronic: Develops more slowly and lingers
Will frequently reappear

4. What Causes Disease? “Germs”: bacteria, viruses, protozoa
Parasites: worms, insects
Infestations: external parasites
Infectious: internal disease
Injury: handling, facilities
Inherited Genes
Poor Nutrition
Toxic materials in plants
Chemicals for insect control

5. Two Major Disease Types
Noninfectious- not contagious
Injury
Genetic abnormalities
Poor Nutrition
Poisoning
Infectious- may or may not be contagious
Bacteria
Viruses
Protozoa
Fungus

6. Body has 2 “lines” of defense against disease organisms
The first line of defense includes:
Skin- thick hide and wool
Mucous membranes- mucous and hair trap
Gut- acids, bacteria, enzymes
Cell wall
Tears- flush out
Coughing- pushing anything out
Flushing effect of urination

7. Body has 2 “lines” of defense against disease organisms
The second line of defense includes:
White blood cells
Lymphatic system
Liver
Antibodies- Disease specific

8. Conditions that could cause illness
Overwork
Stress
Long Shipments
Weaning
Injury
Management Practices
Access to stagnant water
Spoiled Feeds
Poisonous plants

9. Conditions that could cause illness
Exposure to:
Cold
Heat
Rain
Snow
Sun
Humidity
Other animals
Parasites

10. Typical signs of Infection:
Redness
Swelling
Localized heat
Increased body temperature
Pain
* All signs to get better and fight against infection

11. Diseases can be spread by:
Direct contact- physical animal and bodily secretions
Inanimate objects-halter, water trough, feeder
Soil- dormant in soil
Food and Water
Airborne infection
Blood Suckers
Bodily Organisms

12. Preventative Herd Health
Vet Assisted Planning
Sanitation
Proper Nutrition
Record Analysis
Physical Facilities
Source of livestock
Isolate new/ returning animals for 3-4 weeks

13. Preventative Herd Health
Minimize stress
Personal training
Proper use of pharmaceuticals
It is better to prevent than treat

14. Giving Injections Why do we give injections? Improve Health
Control Disease
Increase Productivity

15. Injections Given… Subcutaneous (SC): Under the skin
Intramuscular (IM): Into the muscle
Intravenous (IV): Into the bloodstream

16. Injections
Regardless of animal age, all injections—intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SQ) medications and vaccines – should be given in front of the shoulders, in the neck region, but never in the rump, top loin, or back leg.

17. Subcutaneous Injections
Sub-Q: Below the skin
Tent the skin- neck area
45 degree angle

18. Sub-Q Injections

19. Intramuscular Injections
IM: Into the muscle
45 degree angle

20. IM Injections

21. Use appropriate gauge and length of needle
Sub-Q: ¾ -1 inch ………16-18 gauge
IM: 1-1 ½ inch …………16 or 18 gauge
Gauge: Diameter of the needle
Larger gauge= smaller diameter needle
Smaller gauge= larger diameter needle

22. Can you see the difference?

23. Medication/ Vaccine Use
READ THE LABEL before using any product!
Amount- don’t double
Pregnancy status and age
Location of administration
Observe expiration date
Use separate needle for filling syringe & administration
Mix thoroughly
Refrigerate or destroy partially used containers

24. Medication/ Vaccine Use
Spread out injections
Use sterile equipment or at least change needles every head
Mare sure hide/skin is clean of mud & manure
DO NOT use skin disinfectant or dip needle in disinfectant before use
DO NOT mix vaccines
Follow guidelines on injection site