1. The World Between Wars

2. I. Post-WWI Europe
WWI disrupted European economy, diplomacy, governments
End of German and Austro-Hungarian empires
Nations agree to never go to war again – Kellogg-Briand Pact
Rise of fascism
Benito Mussolini creates fascio di combattimeno (“union for struggle”) in Italy
Characteristics: nationalistic, absolute authority, violence
Replace capitalism and socialism with new national unity
Don't want inefficient parliament or socialist class struggle, need authoritarian leader
Italian nationalists upset over little post-war gains, increased labor unrest
Liberal government could not fix problems, king asked Mussolini to form new government

3. I. Continued… Rise of fascism (continued…) Nazism
Arose partly from post-WWI anger, partly from results of Great Depression
Hitler’s National Socialist (Nazi) party argued for unity and removal of parliamentary politics
Promised to right the wrongs of the Treaty of Versailles, bring Germany out of economic depression
Led to a totalitarian state – direct control over the people
Used Gestapo (secret police) to arrest political opponents
Eastern European countries (Poland, Yugoslavia, etc.) move towards authoritarian regimes
Like Italy – nationalists upset over few territorial gains
Economic struggles made it difficult to maintain effective parliaments
Mostly agriculture-based economies affected

4. I. Continued… Rise of fascism (continued…)
In Spain, fascism led to the Spanish Civil War
Fascists vs. republicans (parliament/social reform supporters)
Even with volunteer support from many from U.S. and western Europe, fascists won in 1939
Maintained authoritarian controls for next 25 years

5. II. Revolution: Mexico
Mexican Revolution caused primarily by internal forces, WWI disruption of trade
Foreign money dominated industry
Small elite group owned most of land
Corrupt political system
Oppressive tactics used against protest/resistance
Run by dictator Porfirio Diaz since 1876
Imprisoned political opponents, rebellion developed
Led by Pancho Villa in south, Emiliano Zapata in north
Drive Diaz from power, installed Francisco Madero
Madero ousted through military coup led by General Victoriano Huerta
1920 – civil war ended, began making changes
Mexican Constitution of 1917 – land, education reforms

6. III. Revolution: Russia
1917 – last Tsar removed from power
Liberal government takes control, struggled for eight months
Popular unrest (partly related to WWI) led to Bolsheviks (Communist party) to take power
Led by Vladimir Lenin
1923 – established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Recognized multinational character of Russia and its territories
But, firmly controlled by Communist party from Moscow
Supreme Soviet was parliament-like body
But, no competition allowed – Communist party always elected
Addition of secret police made it even more authoritarian
After death of Lenin (1924), Joseph Stalin rises to power
Became more authoritarian – exiled/killed rivals
Oversaw collectivization – large, state-run farms

7. IV. Revolution: China
After fall of Qing, liberal reforms overcome by power of regional warlords
Peasants need immediate change, not lofty promises and long debates (democracy)
Communist victories in Russia led many Chinese intellectuals to consider Marxist ideas
All of China = proletariat (oppressed), West = bourgeoisie (oppressors)
Led by Li Dazhao, later Mao Zedong (father of modern China)
Rise of Guomindang (Nationalist party) occurred in early days of communist thinking, became opposing powers in China
1924 – established Whampoa Military Academy with help from Soviets
Produced nationalist leader, Chiang Kai-shek
Dismantled system of warlords, turned against communists
Eventually forced to ally with Mao and communists when Japan threatened to take over

8. 5-Minute Response
What are the cross-cultural characteristics of 20th-century revolutions? (What are some running themes among all the crazy changes that happened post-WWI?)

9. Key Vocabulary – Ch. 29 Benito Mussolini Stalin Fascism
Mexican Revolution
Pancho Villa
Emiliano Zapata
Mexican Constitution of 1917
New Economic Policy
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Supreme Soviet
Stalin
May Fourth movement
Mao Zedong
Chiang Kai-shek
Long March
Great Depression
Totalitarian state