1. From the Cold War to the Collapse of the Soviet Union: 1945 - 1991
Chapters 15-16

2. Chap 15:1 New World Order 1945 New balance of power (B/P)
Bipolar – two superpowers
Disintegration of colonial empires due to:
Nationalist movements &
Inability of war-weary Europe to maintain them
US support for self-determination to win influence in non-aligned nations.
Superpower competition for influence in 3rd world

3. The third world Africa, Asia and Latin America
Defined by degree of industrialization
Contrast with 1st, 2nd & 4th world countries

4. Non-aligned nations Chose not to align with either superpower
Played superpowers against one another to gain advantages from both.
Nasser in Egypt
Gandhi in India
Tito in Yugoslavia
In areas of conflict it was difficult to remain neutral bc needed arms

5. Instability in the third world
New history of self-government
Ethnic, religious, linguistic rivalries among groups.
Colonial powers exploited differences to better control regions.
Artificial borders established by colonial powers did not reflect realistic considerations

6. Interdependence
Economic dependence of nations globally has grown exponentially since 1945.
Oil Crisis 1973 led to global recession & has caused structural changes in international economics

7. The united nations (un)
Successor to League of Nations (LON)
First test-case was Korea
Has become increasingly political
General Assembly
Security Council

8. Nuclear Non-proliferation
Purpose is to reduce arms to promote stability.
Progress? Yes
Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) signed in 1968
SALT I & II
NPT came up for renewal in 1990s.
However, many nations refused to sign it bc they want to become nuc powers
Those nations question fairness of that policy (e.g. Iran, No Korea)
Today there are over 50,000 nukes worldwide

9. Terrorism Purpose is to promote a cause & gain media attention.
Focus is usually on civilian targets.
More than 15,000 terrorist attacks since 1960
State-sponsored terror
Most sensational have been by Muslim terrorists

10. Human rights Read Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Based on Declaration of Independence.
Verbiage is identical is some parts.
Many violations exist worldwide.
Does this justify intervention into sovereign countries?

15. Chap 16: 1&4: Cold war – Détente
New approach to foreign policy based on Realpolitik.
Departure from brinkmanship.
Lessening of tension & willingness to cooperate to reduce international tensions.
Affected superpower actions in some areas.
Ended with Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

16. Welfare state Increased services provided by government
Today services include:
Health insurance
Old age pensions
Disability insurance
Unemployment insurance

17. Economic shifts in the west
In the West shift from manufacturing to service economy.
Service econ performs service rather than goods.
Google
Healthcare
Insurance
Financial institutions
Airlines
Microsoft
Medical
Legal

18. Why the shift to a service economy?
One result of minimum wage and labor reforms are higher wages in the West.
Costs of manufacturing cannot compete with low wages in Third World.
Result is relocation by major corporations and exportation of jobs overseas.

19. Khrushchev & de-stalinization
Discredit Stalin
Released political prisoners

20. Soviet economic problems
Command economy
State bureaucracy determines what to produce & how much
Highly inefficient
Individuals have no incentive to produce higher quality goods since they are guaranteed a job & paid little

21. Lack of Consumer goods Consumer goods are in short supply
Long lines for food
Poor quality goods
Economy so bad that by 1980s the USSR could no longer be a serious competitor in the arms race

22. Right to intervene in any Warsaw Pact country.
Brezhnev doctrine

23. Gorbachev revolution
Three goals were all in response to the economic predicament facing the USSR:
Glasnost
Perestroika
Democratization

24. Soviet foreign policy
USSR could not compete with Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
Chechnya

25. Liberation of soviet republics & satellites