1. 7-4: THE GROWTH OF CITIES 1865-1900

2. Learning Objectives
WXT 1.0 Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society.
WXT 2.0 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues.
MIG 1.0 Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America, and later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society.
MIG 2.0 Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life.
NAT 4.0 Analyze relationships among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity.

3. Key Concepts
Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States
The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.
The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.

4. A Nation of Immigrants Growth of Immigration
Push factors—poverty, religious persecution, limited opportunities
Pull factor—economic growth in U.S.
Ellis Island, New York
Angel Island, San Francisco

5. A Nation of Immigrants “Old Immigrants” “New Immigrants”
Pre-1880: Western Europe
“New Immigrants”
Southern and Eastern Europe
Asia
Debates over assimilation and “Americanization”
“Melting Pot”
Adoption of English and American customs

6. A Nation of Immigrants Restricting Immigration Nativism
Catholic, Jewish influence
Different languages and cultures
Job competition
Linked to radicalism (unions)
Chinese Exclusion Act
Supported by working class

7. Urbanization Lure of the City Changes in the Nature of Cities
1870 urban population—40 million
1900 urban population—80 million
Cities grew as manufacturing and transportation centers
Changes in the Nature of Cities
Streetcar cities
Skyscrapers
Growing Middle Class
Ethnic Neighborhoods
Slums

8. Urbanization Boss and Machine Politics
Distant role of federal government— state and local governments more important
Political Machines
Corrupt organizations in local government
Traded services and favors in exchange for votes
Bribes and kickbacks to government officials
Gained support by providing services to the poor and immigrants
Tammany Hall, NY—Boss Tweed

9. Awakening Reform Social Critics Social Gospel Settlement Houses
Veblen—“predatory wealth” of the “leisure class”
Bellamy—disillusionment with problems of industrialization
Social Gospel
Christian duty to confront social problems
Settlement Houses
Provided services to urban poor (day care, English classes, etc.)
Hull House—Jane Addams

10. Awakening Reform Families in Urban Society Rights for Women
Poverty and despair
Jacob Riis—How the Other Half Lives
Rights for Women
Majority of women did not work
“Pink collar” jobs
Feminism increased in urban areas
Urban reforms
Sewer systems, transportation, sanitation