1. Volume 139, Issue 2, Pages 464-473.e3 (August 2010)
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis Gene Polymorphisms and Clinical Outcomes in Pancreatic Cancer 
Xiaoqun Dong, Milind Javle, Kenneth R. Hess, Rachna Shroff, James L. Abbruzzese, Donghui Li 
Gastroenterology 
Volume 139, Issue 2, Pages e3 (August 2010)
DOI: /j.gastro
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2. Figure 1
Selected insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis genes that encode core components of IGF-axis upstream the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. The ligands IGF1 and IGF2 bind to the receptor IGF1R at the cellular level. Bioavailability of IGFs is decreased by IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) 1 and IGFBP3, but increased by IGFBP5. IGF2 is inhibited by negative feedback of IGF2R, which blocks the signal transduction. IGF1R regulate the downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/MAPK/ERK pathways via activation of IRS proteins.
Gastroenterology  , e3DOI: ( /j.gastro )
Copyright © 2010 AGA Institute Terms and Conditions