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Cognitive processes Jakub Jura Jakub.jura@fs.cvut.cz
Engineering Psychology Cognitive processes perception – sensation – attention – thinking – imagination – memory – creativity – problem solving Jakub Jura
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What is Cognitive? From latin cognoscere = getting to know
Distinguish emotional and rational Descarte’s „Cogito ergo sum“. Mental processes mediate between stimulus and response.
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Cognitive processes Base Cognitive processes:
Perception Sensation Attention Thinking Imagination Memory Learning Advanced Cognitive processes Creativity Problem solving
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Sensation Sensation is about sense organ and basic processes on this level. Perception is about creating whole percept.
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Sensation Perception Percept Sence Organ Visual Perception Image Eye
Auditive Perception Sound Ear Gustatory Perception Taste Taste Buds Olfactory Perception Smell Nose Haptic Perception Touch on skin Nociceptors Proprioception Body position Proprioceptor Human Feromon Affection / antipathy Vomero-Nasal Organ Magnetoception Impression of north Unknown
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Lateral Inhibition Efect
Sensation Delusions Lateral Inhibition Efect Mach’s Strips
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Negative afterimage
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Perception Perception is perception of diference. Sensuals limits
Weber–Fechner law Gestalt law Multistable figures Invariance in perception
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Weber–Fechner Law Psychophysics Ernest Heinrich Weber (1795–1878)
Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801–1887) Stimulus Percept Stimulus Sensation Percept
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Experiment 1 Dependence of sense impression on the intensity of stimulus Sound Light Procedure: Set intensity to basic level (L) Increase intensity up to one degree (L+1) Remember this degree and set intensity up to L+2, L+3, … L+n Impresion Sensum
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Weber–Fechner Law dP = k * dS/S, P = k * ln (S/S0) P = k * (S/S)
P … percept k … constant S … stimulus S0 … lower possible stimulus
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Perception Delusionss
Which of these circles is bigger?
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Perception Delusionss
Effect of Contrast Lighter Darker
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Perception Delusionss
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Is anything here?
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Gestalt Laws Proximity Similarity Closure
We tend to group nearby objects. Similarity We tend to group objects with similar properties Closure We are so accustomed to seeing closure that we sometimes close things that aren't.
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Gestalt Laws Good Continuation Pregnantz
We tend to assign objects to an entity that is defined by smooth lines or curves Pregnantz We tend to good shape
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Experiment 2
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Multistable perception
Mind separate figure and backgroun. Unstably between two or more alternative interpretations. Since you see both, you can’t see both. Changing may be under control only partially.
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Invariance in perception
Objects are recognized independent of rotation, translation, scale, elastic deformations, different lighting, and different component features.
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Neisser's cycle of perception Cognitive Ecology
Actual world Object available information Samples Modify Schema of environment Exploration Locomotion and action Cognitive map Directs
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Memory Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory
George Sperling (200 – 500 ms) Short-term memory George Miller 7±2 chunks Chunking process (recoding) Long-term memory Hippocampus Memory processes: Imprint Retent Remember Recognise
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Ebbinghaus experiments
Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next
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Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
R = e-t/s R … memory retention s … relative strenght of memory t … time 45 % 35 %
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Serial-positioning effect
Which of the syllable you remember easily? Initialy Final Out of serial-positioning effect: Meaningfull Related to myself Connected to my activity
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Redraw this figure maximaly precisely
Memory test How big is capacity of you visual memory? Redraw this figure maximaly precisely
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Imaging Constructive and Reconstructive processes and eyes movement.
Imagine yellow elephant with red dots. Imagine what did you eat last evening.
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Experiment 3 - Mental rotation
F Experiment 3 - Mental rotation How many times you need to read rotated sign. Angle Time 1 s Time 2 R Q A L B M T
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Completing square test
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Imaging Mental operation with images
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Imaging
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Attention Orientation reflex Orientation activities Bourdon test
d2 test
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Thinking J. P. Guilford: Convergent production - generation of logical conclusions from given information, where emphasis is upon achieving unique or conventionally best outcomes. It is likely that given (cue) information fully determines the outcome as in mathematics and logic. Divergent production - generation of logical alternatives from given information, where emphasis is upon variety, quantity, and relevance of output from the same source.
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Intelligence scale
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Problem Solving
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Interconect all of this 9 point by the 4 segments of a line non-stop.
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Creativity Preparation Incubation Insight Evaluation Elaboration
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E. Rossi – creative phase
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Metacognition Thinking about thinking (exactly cognition about cognition) First-level metacognition Second-level metacognition
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