1. Cracking the Code of Life
Section 10.3 Mutations
Cracking the Code of Life

2. Cancer: Breakdown of the cell Cycle
CELLS NEED TO REPRODUCE:
Human Body made up of trillions of cells – most cells make new cells to:
replace old/damaged cells
replace dead cells
maintain homeostasis
grow

3. 2. Cells undergo growth and division - this cycle is governed by the cell cycle clock
Interphase
Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

4. 3. Events which can disrupt cell cycle : (Causes of cancer)
Exposure to harmful chemicals
Food additives &preservative
Drugs/Alcohol
Household products (cleaners)
Radiation
UV from the sun
Xrays
Viruses – ex. HPV
Aging

5. 4. Disruption in the cell cycle can lead to
cells not dividing, cannot maintain homeostasis, rupture and die
cells dividing uncontrollably = mass of cells called TUMOR
benign – harmless tumors
malignant – harmful tumors

6. 5. How cancer spreads-what cells need
Food, Water, Oxygen
Dispose of waste
blood delivers wanted materials while removing unwanted materials
Cells require adequate blood supply
Tumors will not be able to grow larger than a grain of rice unless they have an adequate blood supply and so (must encourage blood vessels to grow).

7. ANGIOGENESIS: tumors secrete chemicals which cause blood vessels to grow to them & supply w/ materials needed to continue growing

8. METASTASIS: Cells break away from original tumor, enter blood supply and travel to other parts of body.
Cells Must:
break away from primary tumor
invade surrounding tissue entering blood or lymph vessels
stop in capillaries of distant organs
gain access to neighboring new site & begin to grow

9. Mutation Situations
Adult body cell  only cells affected are ones that result from mitosis
Example:
Embryonic Cell  only cells affected are ones from forming from those cells
Sex Cells all cells in offspring could be affected

11. Gene Mutations Frameshift: Point: substitution of a nucleotide
Deletion: nucleotide is removed completely
Ex: Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Insertions: extra nucleotide is added
Ex: Huntington's disease
Point: substitution of a nucleotide
Ex: sickle-cell anaemia

12. Health and Sickle Red Blood Cells

13. Section 10.4
Cell Differentiation

14. How do cells become specialized for different functions?
Stem Cell: immature cell with no specific function
Differentiation: cell matures into adult cell with a specific job

15. What is totipotent?