1. GREETINGS
1492

2. POINTS OF VIEW

3. Columbus’ Four Voyages

4. THE 3 G’s…

5. GOD
“In the name of the Holy Trinity, we can send from here all the slaves and brazil-wood which could be sold.” – Columbus
Desire to spread Christianity
Sacred duty
“Others” are barbarians or heathens, need to be converted

6. GOLD “I strove to learn if they had any gold.”- Columbus
Wealth for kings
Wealth for conquerors
Riches for merchants

7. GLORY
“[Columbus]…pretended to have gone a greater distance…so that he might remain the master of that route to the Indies.”- Las Casas
Personal fame and fortune for explorers
Create powerful kingdoms

8. Columbus: Man or Myth?
Or both?
Why?

9. REVIEW: Lies My Teacher Told Me
Reality vs. Myth in textbooks
One: Taking of land, wealth, and labor of indigenous (native) people. Two: trans-Atlantic slave trade
First impressions of natives
What changes? Why?
Punishment by example!

10. Lies My Teacher Told Me, continued
6. Gold or slaves? 7. Tribute system vs. encomienda system. Tribute is payment by natives forced to do work; encomienda was land given to settlers along w/ all people on that land. It’s slavery, but called something different 8. Arawaks extinct because of ecosystem damage, malnutrition, disease

11. Official European Colony!
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

12. GUNS, GERMS & STEEL Weapons: guns (harquebus), steel swords, horses
Geography- spread of food, animals, knowledge; centuries of trial and error.
Ambush! Learned about other wars/tactics
Smallpox helped destroy population, disease spread ahead of Spanish arrival
Spread exponentially

13. G,G,S continued
6. No immunities! 7. 95%; some estimates say 90%. About 20 million natives 8. Europeans were the first to acquire guns, germs, and steel

14. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Pumpkin
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pineapple
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
TOMATO
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Manufactured goods
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Measles
Malaria

15. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

16. The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Native American slaves died, were replaced w/ Africans.
Most slaves sent to sugar plantations in the Caribbean
About 10 million Africans to the Americas.

17. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

18. Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”

19. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

20. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

21. AMISTAD

22. European Empires in the Americas

23. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

24. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World
Encomienda or forced labor.
Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
Papal agreement.

25. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission

26. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

27. Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws  1542

28. New Colonial Rivals
Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

29. New Colonial Rivals

30. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”]
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.

31. New Patterns of World Trade