1. Psycholinguistics
Neurolinguistics

2. "God stretched out the northern sky and hung the earth in empty space" Job 26:7
The earth floats with no supporting axis.

3. "...It was made by the one who sits on his throne above the round earth and beyond the sky" Isaiah 40:22;
The world is round.

4. "...food grows out of the earth, but underneath the same earth, it is like fire, all is torn up and crushed" Job 28:5
The inner earth is made of fire.

5. "When God gave the wind its weight..." Job 28:25
The wind weights
(3.500 years after in 1633 Galileo Galilei and in 1643 Torricelli stated the same thing)

6. "If I will forget thee, Jerusalem, let my right hand die-let my tongue stick to the roof of my mouth" Psalm 137:5

7. Anatomy: Cortex: the surface of the brain
Corpus callosum: joint between cerebral hemispheres. Research shows that double consciousness exists in split-brain patients. Perhaps a fully integrated consciousness does not develop until a child is several years old. Research shows that the fibres of the corpus callosum do not begin to mature until one year after birth, and that the process continues until the age of ten or older. The corpus callosum has also been found to be about 11 percent larger in left-handed and ambidextrous than in right-handed people
Cerebral hemispheres: two parts of the brain
Left hemisphere: controls the movements of the right side of the body
Contralateral brain function: (right hemisphere controls left movements)

8. Franz Joseph Gall Theories of localisation:
different abilities and behaviours
seem to be traceable.
Phrenology (not considered scientific):
determining personality traits, intellectual
capacities according to the bumps of
the skull.
Modularity: the brain is divided into distinct anatomical faculties.

9. Paul Broca French Surgeon:
Related language to the left area
of the brain.
Broca's area
Damage to the front part of the left hemisphere results in loss of speech
Language is lateralized
(localised in one side of the
brain or the other)

10. Carl Wernicke Polish Neuro-surgeon Assistant

11. Aphasia
Aphasia is the loss or impairment of the ability to use spoken and written words. The disorder may follow damage to the dominant hemisphere of the brain, which, in right-handed persons, is almost always the left hemisphere. The two broad classifications of aphasia are Broca's and Wernicke's. In Broca's aphasia--also known as expressive, motor, nonfluent, or telegrammatic aphasia--patients understand speech reasonably well but have difficulty in retrieving words and hence in naming objects or expressing themselves. In Wernicke's aphasia--also known as receptive, sensory, fluent, or jargon aphasia--patients produce fluent but nonsensical speech, or jargon, and comprehend poorly the speech of others.
Aphasia is a loss of the capacity to symbolise, either expressively or receptively. Aphasics may present a primary deficit in the formulation of sentences, in the processing of heard sentences, or in the meanings of words. A wide variation exists in severity, from complete loss of all language function to a barely noticeable difficulty in finding words. Aphasia is often accompanied by other losses, as in reading, writing, or sign language abilities.
Some children are delayed in language development, while others develop in a deviant way. Mental retardation, profound hearing loss prior to acquiring language (typically either congenitally or as a result of a serious illness such as meningitis), neurological dysfunction due to injury during pregnancy or birth, or serious emotional problems can all be causes. Two specific causative disorders, childhood schizophrenia and autism, are still poorly understood.

12. Behaviors of Aphasic Patients
Anomia-problem with word finding. They know what they want to say but can't find the words to say it. Sometimes they can be cued or recall by gestures.
Paraphasia-use of word substitutions; may use a word that sounds like the target word,
or may use a word that means something similar.
Neologism-Use made-up words confidently as though they were the correct word.
Agrammatism-Leave out the function words, use broken speech;
common in non-fluent aphasic patients.
Jargon-Convincing, fluent speech; irrelevant and has no meaning.
Verbal Stereotypes-have a few words or sentences that they use over and over
again to answer every question.

13. Phineas Gage

14. Phineas Gage