1. Headland : Flamborough head (chalk)
Bay : Bridlington Bay (boulder clay)
FEATURES of erosion at Flamborough Head :
Joint – Caves – Arch – Stack (Adam) – Stump – Wave-cut Platform
Conflicts of Interest : Different coastal users who make problems for each other.
Oil refineries of S. Humber pollute water for local fishermen.
Ships coming up R. Humber cause danger for tourist wind-surfers & jet skiers
Wind turbines at Easington can kill migrating birds using Spurn for migration.
PROCESSES of erosion at Flamborough Head :
Weathering : Freeze-thaw action Corrosion (salt spray), Chemical action (acid rain)
Erosion : Corrasion Hydraulic action Attrition
PROCESSES of erosion of Boulder Clay cliffs along Holderness coast:
Slumping (rain lubricates slip plane, and makes clay heavy, slides down slip plane)
Undercutting : wave-cut notch
Coastal Protection (Hard Engineering) : Mappleton
£3 million scheme to protect the coastal road using 2 boulder groynes to catch longshore drift material and make wider beaches; rock armour at cliff base; cliff face landscaped at lower angle and seeded with grass to stop slumping. BUT…it causes FASTER erosion further down the coast by robbing sand and making their beaches narrower and more easily crossed by waves so the cliff is eroded powerful undercutting
Managed Retreat / realignment : Paull, N. bank of Humber estuary. A new coastal barrier has been built further inland to allow sea level rise to expand onto fields to make salt marsh for birds
Shoreline Management Plan along Holderness coast
No Active Intervention : along most of coast – allowed to erode
Hold the Line : at resorts like Withernsea & gas plant Easington
Managed Retreat / Realignment : At Paull (see box at side)
Coastal Protection (soft engineering) : Offshore reefs – off Norfolk coast
Feature of Deposition : Bar – Slapton Ley, Dorset
Feature of Deposition : Spit, Spurn Point
A long, narrow, low-lying beach of sand extending into the Humber estuary from the Holderness coast
Feature of Deposition : Tombolo – Chesil Beach, Dorset
Multi-Use coastal area : The Humber estuary has many different land uses attracted to it……
Oil refinery attracted to flat land of South bank
Fishing industry lands fish at Hull docks
Tourist caravan sites at Patrington Haven
Wildlife groups spot migrating birds at Spurn
Retirement homes in Grimsby for seaside views
Energy use : off-shore & on-shore wind turbines use strong winds and gas storage at Easington
Sea level rise : due to melting ice-caps, melting glaciers and thermal expansion of sea water. European Response Plan shows which coasts will be protected eg Canvey Island, Kent – building a higher sea wall to protect homes from higher sea levels
Process of deposition of the Spit at Spurn Head
Cliff material is eroded from up the coast
Longshore drift moves material southwards due to prevailing NE winds and swash hits at an angle
Material is deposited where coast swings to the west, and where the N. Sea current and the R. Humber current meet.
Turbulence slows down both currents and material is deposited at end of spit
Spit Neck gets narrower as it is eroded by waves
Spit end is recurved westwards as N. Sea current is stronger than Humber
Coastal Protection (Soft engineering) : Pevensey Bay, Sussex
Beach rebuilding – using dredge sea bed
Beach recycling – moving deposited beach material back to where it was eroded from
Beach regrading / profiling – moving beach material up to give a gentler beach gradient