1. Chapter Nine
Political Parties

2. Political Parties
A party is a group that seeks to elect candidates to public office by supplying them with a label (party identification), by which they are known to the electorate
United States parties have become weaker as labels, sets of leaders, and organizations
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3. Parties in the US and Europe
European parties are disciplined gatekeepers, to which voters are very loyal, though this has been declining recently
The federal system decentralizes power in U.S.
Parties are closely regulated by state and federal laws, which weaken them
Candidates are now chosen through primaries, not by party leaders
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4. The Rise and Decline of Parties
The founders disliked parties, viewing them as factions
During the Jacksonian era political participation became a mass phenomenon
From the Civil War until the 1930s most states were dominated by one party
Progressives pushed measures to curtail parties’ power and influence
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5. The Results of Reform
The worst forms of political corruption were reduced
All political parties were weakened; parties became less able to hold officeholders accountable or to coordinate across the branches of government
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6. Figure 9.1: Decline in Party Identification, make two statements about the trends in this graph
Insert Figure 9.1 (formerly 7.1 in 9e)
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7. Party Realignment
Critical or realigning periods: periods when a sharp, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties
A critical election is considered to be evident when a party looses the Presidency and Congress in an election
Two kinds of realignments
A major party is defeated so badly that it disappears and a new party emerges
Two existing parties continue but voters shift their loyalty from one to the other
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8. Realignments
1860: slavery issue fixed new loyalties in the popular mind (many shifted to Republican party headed by Lincoln)
1896: economic issues shifted loyalties to East/West, city/farm split (shift to Republican as $ raised from business interests)
1932: economic depression triggered new coalition for Democrats (shift to Democrat for government assistance)
1980: Ronald Reagan’s appeal- could not have been a traditional realignment, because Congress was left in the hands of the Democrats (many Dems voted for Reagan)

9. Dealignment- is a trend or process whereby a large portion of the electorate abandons its previous partisan affiliation, without developing a new one to replace it.
An erosion of partisan attachments
More Independent Voters
Many scholars argue that the trends in elections in the U.S. over the last several decades are best characterized as dealignment.
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10. American Parties: Four Major Eras
The Three Historical Eras
The Era of the Democrats (Era of Good Feeling), 1800—1860
Democrats dominate all but two presidential elections.
The Whig Party emerges in 1834, but declines by the 1850s, electing only two Presidents.
The Republican Party is founded in 1854.
The Era of the Republicans, 1860—1932
Republicans dominate all but four presidential elections.
The Civil War disables the Democratic Party for the remainder of the 1800s.
The Return of the Democrats, 1932—1968
Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President four times.

11. American Parties: Parties Today
The Start of a New Era: The Era of Divided Government
Since 1968, neither Republicans nor Democrats have dominated the presidency and Congress has often been controlled by the opposing party.
1968–1976
Republicans hold the presidency
Congress is controlled by Democrats
1976–1980
Democrats hold the presidency
Congress is controlled by Democrats
1980–1992
Republicans hold the presidency
Senate controlled by Republicans , controlled by Democrats from 1986 to 1994
1992 – 2000
Democrats hold the presidency
Congress controlled by Republicans
2008-
Democrats hold the presidency
Congress controlled by Democrats
Republicans hold the presidency
Congress is controlled by Republicans

12. Party Decline Evidence that parties are declining, not realigning
Proportion of people identifying with a party declined between 1960 and 1980
Proportion of those voting a split ticket increased
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13. The Three Components of Political Parties
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14. Party Structure Parties are similar on paper
RNC effectively created a national firm of political consultants (like a business or “well oiled machine)
Democrats moved to factionalized structure and redistributed power
By the 1990s, DNC had learned from the RNC: adopted the same techniques, with some success

15. Nominating a President
Primary: an election in which voters select the candidate who will run on each party’s ticket
Caucus: a meeting of party followers at which delegates are picked

16. National Conventions
National committee sets time and place; issues a “call” setting the number of delegates for each state and the rules for their selection
In 1970s, Democrats’ rules were changed to weaken local party leaders and increase the proportions of women and minorities
In 1988, the number of superdelegates (unpledged) was increased
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17. Why a Two-Party System?
The Historical Basis. The nation started out with two-parties: the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.
The Force of Tradition. America has a two-party system because it always has had one. Minor parties, lacking wide political support, have never made a successful showing, so people are reluctant to support them.
The Electoral System. Certain features of government, such as winner-take-all single-member districts, are designed to favor two major parties.
Ideological Consensus. Most Americans have a general agreement on fundamental matters. Conditions that would spark several strong rival parties do not exist in the United States.

18. Table 9.4: The Public Rates the Two Parties
Insert Table 9.4 (formerly 7.4 in 9e)
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19. Minor Parties
Ideological parties: comprehensive, radical view; most enduring
Single-issue parties: address one concern, avoid others
Economic protest parties: regional, protest economic conditions
Factional parties: from split in a major party, usually over the party’s presidential nominee

20. Minor Parties in the United States
Types of Minor Parties
Ideological Parties
Example: Libtertarian Party
Single-issue Parties
Example: Free Soil Party
Economic Protest Parties
Example: The Greenback Party
Splinter Party
Example: “Bull Moose” Progressive Party

21. Why Minor Parties Are Important
Minor parties play several important roles:
“Spoiler Role”
Minor party candidates can pull decisive votes away from one of the major parties’ candidates, especially if the minor party candidate is from a splinter party.
Critic
Minor parties, especially single-issue parties, often take stands on and draw attention to controversial issues that the major parties would prefer to ignore.
Innovator
Often, minor parties will draw attention to important issues and propose innovative solutions to problems. If these proposals gain popular support, they are often integrated into the platforms of the two major parties.

22. Policies of Selected American Third Parties Since 1864
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23. The Future of Major Parties
Weakened connections to political parties:
For voters :
More people are unwilling to label themselves as “Democrats” or “Republicans”
Split-ticket voting—voting for candidates of different parties for different offices at the same election
For candidates:
Structural changes have increased conflict and disorganization within parties
Changes in the technology of campaigning, especially the use of television and the Internet, have made candidates more independent of the party organization
The growth of single-issue organizations provides candidates with another source of financial support