1. Bell Ringer Monday October 24, 2016
Copy and answer the following:
Describe the cells formed at the end of the cell cycle.
How do you think the formation of sex cells differs from the formation of body cells?

2. Reduction-Division Genetic Recombination
MEIOSIS
Reduction-Division
Genetic Recombination

3. Meiosis
The form of cell division by which GAMETES, with HALF the number of CHROMOSOMES, are produced.
DIPLOID (2n)  HAPLOID (n)
Meiosis is SEXUAL reproduction.
TWO divisions (MEIOSIS I and MEIOSIS II).

4. Meiosis Sex cells divide to produce GAMETES (sperm or egg).
Gametes have HALF the # of chromosomes.
Occurs only in GONADS (testes or ovaries).
Male: SPERMATOGENESIS -sperm
Female: OOGENESIS - egg or ova

5. Spermatogenesis n=23 n=46 2n=46 sperm haploid (n) Meiosis II human
sex cell
diploid (2n)
n=46
Meiosis I

6. Oogenesis n=23 n=46 2n=46 Haploid (1n) human egg sex cell
Meiosis II
2n=46
human
sex cell
diploid (2n)
n=46
Meiosis I
Polar Bodies (die)

7. Interphase I Similar to mitosis interphase.
CHROMOSOMES (DNA) replicate in the S phase
Each duplicated chromosome consist of two identical SISTER CHROMATIDS attached at their CENTROMERES.
CENTRIOLE pairs also replicate.

8. Interphase I Nucleus and nucleolus visible. Nucleus chromatin
cell membrane
nucleolus

9. Meiosis I (four phases)
Cell division that reduces the chromosome number by one- half.
Four phases:
a. Prophase I
b. Metaphase I
c. Anaphase I
d. Telophase I
Prophase I

10. Prophase I Longest and most complex phase (90%). Chromosomes condense.
Synapsis occurs - Homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad.
Tetrad is two chromosomes or four chromatids (sister and non-sister chromatids).

11. Non-Sister Chromatids-HOMOLOGS
Homologs contain DNA that codes for the same genes , but different versions of those genes
Genes occur at the same loci

12. Prophase I - Synapsis
Homologous chromosomes
sister chromatids
Tetrad

13. Homologous Chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar in shape and size.
Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry GENES controlling the SAME inherited traits.
Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same position on homologues.
Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes:
a. First 22 pairs of autosomes
b. Last pair of sex chromosomes
LOCI

14. Homologous Chromosomes
eye color
locus
hair color
Paternal
Maternal

15. Crossing Over
Crossing over may occur between non-sister chromatids at sites called chiasmata.
Crossing over: segments of nonsister chromatids break and reattach to the other chromatid.
Chiasmata (chiasma) are where chromosomes touch each other and exchange genes (crossing over.)
Causes Genetic Recombination

16. Genetic Recombination
Tetrad
nonsister chromatids
chiasmata: site of crossing over
variation

18. Crossing Over Lab

19. Tuesday October 25, 2016 Bell Ringer
Copy and answer the following:
Sketch a pair of homologous chromosomes.
What happens during crossing over?
When does crossing over happen?

20. Crossing Over Lab B b C c D d E e F f G g DATA TABLE
# of times "a" is on the same chromosome as:
% of times "a" is on the same chromosome as: B b C c D d E e F f G g

21. Sex Chromosomes
XX chromosome - female
XY chromosome - male

22. MEIOSIS I
Meiosis I
Homologs separate

23. Prophase I Nucleus & Nucleolus disappear Spindle forms
Chromosomes coil & Synapsis (pairing) occurs
Tetrads form & Crossing over Occurs
centrioles
spindle fiber
aster
fibers
TETRAD

24. Metaphase I Shortest phase Tetrads align on the equator.
Independent assortment occurs – chromosomes separate randomly causing GENETIC RECOMBINATION

25. Homologs line up at equator or metaphase plate
Metaphase I
Homologs line up at equator or metaphase plate OR

26. Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles.
Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.

27. Anaphase I
Homologs separate

28. Telophase I Each pole now has diploid (2n) set of chromosomes.
Cytokinesis occurs and two diploid daughter cells are formed.

29. Telophase I
cytokinesis

30. Wednesday march 23, 2016 Bell Ringer
Answer the following:
Calculate how many chromosomes a person would have if he or she were the fifth generation, his or her great-grandfather (first generation) had 46 chromosomes, and the chromosome number doubled every generation.
Based on the above calculation, what is the importance of meiosis?

31. Sister Chromatids Separate
MEIOSIS II
Sister Chromatids Separate
Meiosis II

32. Meiosis II No Interphase II or very short No DNA Replication
Remember: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis

33. Prophase II Same as Prophase in mitosis Nucleus & nucleolus disappear
Chromosomes condense
Spindle forms

34. Metaphase II Same as Metaphase in mitosis
Chromosomes (not homologs) line up at equator

35. Anaphase II
Same as Anaphase in mitosis
SISTER CHROMATIDS separate

36. 1n Sperm cell fertilizes 1n egg to form 2n zygote
Telophase II
Same as Telophase in mitosis.
Nuclei and Nucleoli reform, spindle disappears
CYTOKINESIS occurs.
Remember: FOUR HAPLOID DAUGHTER cells are produced.
Called GAMETES (eggs and sperm)
1n Sperm cell fertilizes 1n egg to form 2n zygote

37. Telophase II

39. Variation Also known as GENETIC RECOMBINATION
Important to population as the raw material for NATURAL SELECTION.
All organisms are NOT alike
Strongest “most fit” survive to reproduce & pass on traits

40. Question:
What are the 3 sources of genetic recombination or variation?

41. Answer: CROSSING OVER (prophase I)
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT (metaphase I)
RANDOM FERTILIZATION

42. Question:
A cell containing 20 chromosomes (diploid) at the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes?

43. Answer:
10 chromosomes (haploid or 1n)

44. Thursday March 24, 2016 Bell Ringer
Copy and answer the following:
What are the four stages of mitosis?
What are the eight stages of meiosis?
Of mitosis and meiosis, which one produces greater genetic diversity?

45. Karyotype
An organized picture of the chromosomes of a human arranged in pairs by size from largest to smallest.
Pairs 1-22 called AUTOSOMES
Last pair are SEX CHROMOSOMES
Male - XY

46. Karyotype
Female - XX

47. Karyotype
Down Syndrome – Trisomy 21
Female - XX

48. Fertilization The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.
A zygote is a FERTILIZED EGG
n=23
egg
sperm
n=23
2n=46
zygote

49. Question:
A cell containing 40 chromatids at the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes?
10 Chromosomes

50. Friday March 25, 2016 Bell Ringer
Copy and answer the following:
True or False:
Haploid gametes are produced through meiosis.
Genetic variation is decreased through crossing-over.
Oogenesis produces egg cells.
Division of cell cytoplasm is called interkinesis.

51. Monday March 28, 2016 Bell Ringer
Copy and answer the following:
A cell from a body cell of an animal has 58 chromosomes. What is the animal’s haploid number?
Why is crossing over an important part of the process of meiosis?