1. CSE 105 theory of computation
Spring 2019

2. Today's learning goals Sipser Ch 1.2, 1.3
Design NFA recognizing a given language
Convert an NFA (with or without spontaneous moves) to a DFA recognizing the same language
Decide whether or not a string is described by a given regular expression
Design a regular expression to describe a given language
Convert between regular expressions and automata

3. Nondeterministic finite automata
"Guess" some stage of input at which switch modes
"Guess" one of finite list of criteria to meet
Input M2 M1
Accept if
either (or both) accepts M1
Input M2

4. Acceptance in an NFA

5. NFA

6. Simulating NFA with DFA
Not quite a closure proof, but … Proof: Given name variables for sets, machines assumed to exist. WTS state goal and outline plan. Construction using objects previously defined + new tools working towards goal. Give formal definition and explain. Correctness prove that construction works. Conclusion recap what you've proved.

7. Simulating NFA with DFA
For any language recognized by an NFA, there is a DFA that recognizes this language. Proof: Given A, a language recognized by N = (Q,Σ,δ,q0,F) a NFA WTS there is some DFA M with L(M) = A Construction Correctness Conclusion

8. From NFA to DFA
Which of the following strings is accepted by this NFA?
The empty string 01
111
More than one of the above.

9. Subset construction
Given A, a language recognized by N = (Q,Σ,δ,q0,F) a NFA
WTS there is some DFA M with L(M) = A
Construction Define M = (Q', Σ, δ',q0', F') with
Q' = the power set of Q = { X | X is a subset of Q }
q0' = { states N can be in before first input symbol read }
F' = { }
δ' ( ) =

10. From NFA to DFA
Which states can this NFA be in before first input symbol is read? q0
any state
q0, q1
q0, q4
q0, q1, q4

11. Subset construction
Given A, a language recognized by N = (Q,Σ,δ,q0,F) a NFA
WTS there is some DFA M with L(M) = A
Construction Define M = (Q', Σ, δ',q0', F') with
Q' = the power set of Q = { X | X is a subset of Q }
q0' = { q0 } U δ((q0, ε)) …
F' = { }
δ' ( ) =

12. Subset construction
Given A, a language recognized by N = (Q,Σ,δ,q0,F) a NFA
WTS there is some DFA M with L(M) = A
Construction Define M = (Q', Σ, δ',q0', F') with
Q' = the power set of Q = { X | X is a subset of Q }
q0' = { q0 } U δ((q0, ε)) …
F' = { guarantee at least one computation is successful }
δ' ( ) =

13. From NFA to DFA
What does it mean for a set of states X to guarantee at least one computation is successful?
X is a subset of F
X = F
X F is nonempty
X is an element of F
None of the above. U

14. Subset construction
Given A, a language recognized by N = (Q,Σ,δ,q0,F) a NFA
WTS there is some DFA M with L(M) = A
Construction Define M = (Q', Σ, δ',q0', F') with
Q' = the power set of Q = { X | X is a subset of Q }
q0' = { q0 } U δ((q0, ε)) …
F' = { X | X is a subset of Q and X F is nonempty }
δ' ( (X, x) ) = { } U

15. Subset construction
Given A, a language recognized by N = (Q,Σ,δ,q0,F) a NFA
WTS there is some DFA M with L(M) = A
Construction Define M = (Q', Σ, δ',q0', F') with
Q' = the power set of Q = { X | X is a subset of Q }
q0' = { q0 } U δ((q0, ε)) …
F' = { X | X is a subset of Q and X F is nonempty }
δ' ( (X, x) ) = { q in Q | q is in δ(r,x) for some r in X or accessible via spontaneous moves} U
Types?

16. Subset construction warmup examples

17. Subset construction example

18. Recap
Regular sets of strings i.e., those that aren't too complicated are those that are
the language of some DFA, or equivalently,
the language of some NFA.
If a set of strings can be expressed as the result of complement, union, intersection, concatenation, Kleene star of regular languages, then it itself is regular.

19. Regular expressions
Can all regular languages be expressed as those that are built up from very simple languages using the regular operations?

20. Inductive application of closure Sipser 1.52 p. 64
R is a regular expression over Σ if
Σ is shorthand for (0 U 1) if Σ = {0,1}, Parentheses may be omitted, R+ means RR*, Rk means R concatenated with itself k times
Watch out for overloaded symbols!

21. Syntax  Languages The language described by a
regular expression, L(R):
L ( (0 U 1)U1 ) = { }
L ( ) = { }

22. L(R)
Which of the following strings is not in the language described by
( ( (00)*(11) ) U )* 00 01
1101
I don't know

23. L(R)
Let L be the language over {a,b} described by the regular expression
((a U Ø) b*)*
Which of the following is not true about L?
Some strings in L have equal numbers of a's and b's
L contains the string aaaaaa
a's never follow b's in any string in L
L can also be represented by the regular expression (ab*)*
More than one of the above.

24. Regular expressions in practice
Compilers: first phase of compiling transforms Strings to Tokens keywords, operators, identifiers, literals
One regular expression for each token type
Other software tools: grep, Perl, Python, Java, Ruby, …

25. "Regular = regular" Sipser Theorem 1.54 p. 66
Theorem: A language is regular if and only if some regular expression describes it. Lemma 1.55: If a language is described by a regular expression, then it is regular. Lemma 1.60: If a language is regular, then it is described by some regular expression