1. Guidelines to Reduce Bias in Language
APA Style
Guidelines to Reduce Bias in Language

2. Describe at the appropriate level of specificity
When writing scientifically, be precise. Use words that are accurate, clear, and free from bias.
Man is not as accurate as men and women to refer to human beings.
For ages, give a specific range (ages 65-83) rather than broad category (over 65)
Racial and ethnic groups: be appropriately specific and sensitive. Instead of Asian American or Hispanic America, describe by nation or region of origin (e.g. Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans)
Sexual orientation: some people interpret gay as referring to men and women, others include only men. For clarification, the terms gay men and lesbians are preferred.

3. Describe at the appropriate level of specificity
Clinical terms such as borderline and at risk should be avoided unless properly explained. Specify the diagnosis that is borderline (e.g. “people with borderline personality disorder”) and identify the risk and the people it involves (e.g. “children at risk for early school dropout”)
Gender is cultural and refers to men and women as social groups. Sex is biological. Sex should not be confused with sexual behavior.

4. Be sensitive to labels Call people what they prefer to be called.
Avoid labeling when possible.
Use as neutral terms as possible.
Bad: the demented
Still bad: demented group
Better: dementia group
Avoid the word normal. Bad comparison: lesbians vs. normal women ; Better comparison: lesbians vs. heterosexual women

5. Acknowledge Participation
Acknowledge that people participated in your study
Don’t use the word subjects
Appropriate terms: participants, individuals, college students, children, respondents
When discussing statistics, however, subjects and sample are appropriate
Use active voice rather than passive (students completed the survey, rather than students were given the survey)

6. Avoid Gender Bias
Choose nouns, pronouns, and adjectives that specifically describe participants
Do not use the masculine pronoun he to refer to both sexes
Do not use –man as a generic ending for an occupation, such as policeman.
More examples: “When an individual conducts self-appraisal, that person is stronger;” “therapists who are too much like their clients can lose their objectivity;” “a researcher must apply for the grant”
Using he or she often can be tiresome. Avoid he/she and (s)he.

7. Sexual Orientation
Lesbians and gay men are preferable to homosexual when regarding specific groups.
Homosexuality associated with negative stereotypes, and some believe it refers only to men
Gay can be interpreted too broadly or too narrowly
APA approved terms: lesbians, gay men, bisexual women or men
Same-gender, male-male, female-female, and male-female sexual behavior are appropriate terms for specific instances of sexual behavior.

8. Racial and Ethnic Identity
Some prefer Black, others African American. Both acceptable
Negro and Afro-American are inappropriate
Capitalized. Black and White vs black and white
Do not hyphenate multiword names such as Asian American
Other accepted terms: Hispanic, Latino, Chicano, American Indian, Native American, Asian, Asian American, or more specific subgroups such as Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, etc.

9. Disabilities Use nonhandicapping language
Do not equate people with their conditions
Bad: neurotics, the disabled, stroke victim, cripple
Use disability to refer to an attribute of a person and handicap to refer to the source. E.g. steps and curbs handicap people who require a ramp
Challenged and special should only be used if preferred by your study population

10. Age Be specific, avoid open ended ranges such as under 18 and over 65
Boy and girl are appropriate for high school age and younger
Young man and young woman, male adolescent and female adolescent are appropriate
Men and women for college age and older
Older person is more preferable than elderly
Dementia preferred to senility, but best is senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type