1. Fundamentals of Nursing
Chapter 1
Historical and contemporary nursing practice

2. Historical Perspectives
Women’s Roles
Traditional female roles of wife, mother, daughter, and sister have always included the care and nurturing of other family members.
entailed humanistic caring, nurturing, comforting, and supporting.

3. Historical Perspectives
Religion
Christian value of “love thy neighbor as thyself
Fabiola, converted to Christianity and used their wealth to provide houses of care and healing (the forerunner of hospitals) for the poor, the sick, and the homeless
The Crusades saw the formation of several orders of knights, including the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem (also known as the Knights Hospitalers), the Teutonic Knights, and the Knights of Saint Lazarus
The deaconess groups
Early religious values, such as self-denial, spiritual calling, and devotion to duty and hard work, have dominated nursing throughout its history

4. Historical Perspectives
War
wars have accentuated the need for nurses
During the Crimean War (1854–1856)
Florence Nightingale
During the American Civil War (1861–1865) Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth provided care and safety to slaves fleeing to the North on the Underground Railroad.

5. Historical Perspectives
Societal Attitudes
Before the mid-1800s, nursing was without organization, education, or social status; the prevailing attitude was that a woman’s place was in the home and that no respectable woman should have a career.
In the early 1990s, the Tri-Council for Nursing (the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, the American Nurses Association, the American Organization of Nurse Executives, and the National League for Nursing) initiated a national effort (titled “Nurses of America”) to improve the image of nursing.

6. Nursing Leaders Nightingale (1820–1910) Florence Nightingale’s
in improving the standards “Lady with the Lamp.”
producing and implementing public health policies
contributions to nursing education—perhaps her greatest achievement—she is also recognized as nursing’s first scientist-theorist for her work Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not (1860/1969).

7. Nursing Leaders Barton (1821–1912) Clara Barton
a schoolteacher who volunteered as a nurse during the American Civil War
organize the nursing services
establishing the American Red Cross

8. Nursing Leaders
Richards (1841–1930)  Linda Richards

9. Nursing Leaders Mahoney (1845–1926) Mary Mahoney
First Black professional nurse in the United States (1879).

10. Nursing Leaders Wald (1867–1940) Lillian Wald
founder of American community nursing

11. Contemporary Nursing Practice
Definitions of Nursing
“the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery” (Nightingale, ).
, “The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible” (Henderson, 1966, p. 3)

12. Contemporary Nursing Practice
Definitions of Nursing In the latter half of the 20th century
Nursing is caring.
Nursing is an art.
Nursing is a science.
Nursing is client centered.
Nursing is holistic.
Nursing is adaptive.
Nursing is concerned with health promotion, health maintenance, and health restoration.
Nursing is a helping profession.

13. Definitions of Nursing In the latter half of the 20th century
“Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, preventions of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations” (ANA, 2003, p. 6).

14. Recipients of Nursing
A consumer is an individual, a group of people, or a community that uses a service or commodity
A patient is a person who is waiting for or undergoing medical treatment and care. The word patient comes from a Latin word meaning “to suffer” or “to bear.”
A client is a person who engages the advice or services of another who is qualified to provide this service. The term client presents the receivers of health care as collaborators in the care, that is, as people who are also responsible for their own health.

15. Scope of Nursing Promoting Health and Wellness Preventing Illness
Restoring Health
Caring for the Dying     
Providing direct care to the ill person, such as administering medications, baths, and specific procedures and treatments
Performing diagnostic and assessment procedures, such as measuring blood pressure and examining feces for occult blood
Consulting with other health care professionals about client problems
Teaching clients about recovery activities, such as exercises that will accelerate recovery after a stroke
Rehabilitating clients to their optimal functional level following physical or mental illness, injury, or chemical addiction

16. Settings for Nursing clients’ homes community agencies
ambulatory clinics
long-term care facilities
health maintenance organizations
nursing practice centers
Primary settings
Secondary settings
Tertiary settings
Others (resps)

17. Nurse Practice Acts
legal acts for professional nursing practice, regulate the practice of nursing and to protect the public

18. Standards of Nursing Practice
Standards of Practice describes the responsibilities for which nurses are accountable

19. Roles and Functions of the Nurse
Caregiver
Communicator
Teacher
Client Advocate : acts to protect the client
Counselor: the process of helping a client to recognize and cope with stressful psychologic or social problems, to develop improved interpersonal relationships, and to promote personal growth. It involves providing emotional, intellectual, and psychologic support
Change Agent
Leader
Manager
Case Manager
Research Consumer
Expanded Career Roles such as Nurse Practitioner, researchers, educator, administrator.

20. Characteristics of the profession
Specialized Education
Body of Knowledge
Service Orientation
Ongoing Research
Code of Ethics
Autonomy
Professional Organization

21. Socialization to Nursing
Real world practice
Socialization can be defined simply as the process by which people (a) learn to become members of groups and society and (b) learn the social rules defining relationships into which they will enter. Socialization involves learning to behave, feel, and see the world in a manner similar to other persons occupying the same role as oneself (Hardy & Conway, 1988, p. 261).

22. Benner’s Stages of Nursing Expertise
STAGE I, NOVICE: No experience (e.g., nursing student). Performance is limited, inflexible, and governed by context-free rules and regulations rather than experience.

23. Benner’s Stages of Nursing Expertise
STAGE II, ADVANCED BEGINNER
Demonstrates marginally acceptable performance. Recognizes the meaningful “aspects” of a real situation. Has experienced enough real situations to make judgments about them.

24. Benner’s Stages of Nursing Expertise
STAGE III, COMPETENT
Has 2 or 3 years of experience. Demonstrates organizational and planning abilities. Differentiates important factors from less important aspects of care. Coordinates multiple complex care demands.

25. Benner’s Stages of Nursing Expertise
STAGE IV, PROFICIENT
Has 3 to 5 years of experience. Perceives situations as wholes rather than in terms of parts, as in Stage II. Uses maxims as guides for what to consider in a situation. Has holistic understanding of the client, which improves decision making. Focuses on long-term goals.

26. Benner’s Stages of Nursing Expertise
STAGE V, EXPERT
Performance is fluid, flexible, and highly proficient; no longer requires rules, guidelines, or maxims to connect an understanding of the situation to appropriate action. Demonstrates highly skilled intuitive and analytic ability in new situations. Is inclined to take a certain action because “it felt right.”

27. FACTORS INFLUENCING CONTEMPORARY NURSING PRACTICE
Demography
The Current Nursing Shortage
Economics
Consumer Demands
Family Structure
Science and Technology
Information and Telecommunications
Legislation

28. Nursing Organizations
The American Nurses Association (ANA) is the national professional organization for nursing in the United States and founded in 1896.
Sigma Theta Tau, the international honor society in nursing, was founded in 1922
The National League for Nursing (NLN), formed in 1952, is an organization of both individuals and agencies.
The International Council of Nurses (ICN) was established in 1899.

29. jnc.gov.jo