1. Period 4 ( ) Aim: How did European companies facilitate new global circulation of goods and maintained established regional markets in Afro-Eurasia?
Do NOW: 1. What is Columbus discussing? 2. Who is it addressed to? 3. Why does he use this tone? EVIDENCE?
In reference to the transportation of gold from the island to Castile, that all of it should be taken on board the ship, both that belonging to your Highnesses and the property of every one else; that it should all be placed in one chest with two locks, with their keys, and that the master of the vessel keep one key and some person selected by the governor and treasurer the other; that there should come with the gold, for a testimony, a list of all that has been put into the said chest, properly marked, so that each owner may receive his own; and that, for the faithful performance of this duty, if any gold whatsoever is found outside of the said chest in any way, be it little or much, it shall be forfeited to your Highnesses.

2. Royal Chartered Companies
Companies enabled merchants to band together to undertake ventures requiring more capital ($) than was available to any one merchant or family. WHY?
Formed from the sixteenth century onwards by groups of European investors to underwrite and profit from the exploration of Africa, India, Asia, the Caribbean and North America
Usually under the patronage of one state, which issued the company's charter.

3. British East India Company
Commonly associated with trade in basic commodities, which included cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpetre, tea and opium WHY these items?
The Company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth in 1600, making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies- Why were other countries involved? How does this differ from China’s trade?

4. Dutch East India Company
It is often considered to have been the first multinational corporation in the world. The first company to issue stock.
It was also arguably the first megacorporation, possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, coin money, and establish colonies
Dutch Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) had military and naval forces of their own that dwarfed even the average European state's armed forces, and adequate funds to buy the best men and equipment, in effect making them a state within a state. BENEFITS? Drawbacks?

5. Silver from the Americas
European merchants’ role in Asian trade was characterized mostly by transporting goods from one Asian country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region.
Commercialization and the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the Americas

6. Spanish Galleon Trade Routes (Silver Ships) – Effect on Spain
Spanish Galleon Trade Routes (Silver Ships) – Effect on Spain? Global Economy?

7. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies
They took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets
But regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants.