1. TECHNOLOGY
VITAL SIGNS

2. Vital signs show an individual is alive
Vital signs show an individual is alive. They include heart beat, breathing rate, temperature, and blood pressure.
These signs may be watched, measured, and monitored to check an individual's level of physical functioning.
Normal vital signs change with age, sex, weight, exercise tolerance, and condition.

3. Medical Abbreviation
Vital Signs – VS
VITAL SIGNS ARE VITAL!!!!

4. TECHNOLOGY
TEMPERATURE
“The balance between heat lost and heat produced by the body”

5. TECHNOLOGY
Continued…….
Heat is lost through perspiration, respiration, and excretion (urine and feces).
Heat is produced by the metabolism of food, and muscle and gland activity.

6. Homeostasis HOMEOSTASIS- the ideal health state in the human body.
TECHNOLOGY
Homeostasis
HOMEOSTASIS- the ideal health state in the human body.
The rates of chemical reactions in the body are regulated by body temperature.

7. NORMAL RANGES 97° to 100° Fahrenheit 36.1° to 37.8° Celsius
TECHNOLOGY
NORMAL RANGES
97° to 100° Fahrenheit
36.1° to 37.8° Celsius
(sometimes called centigrade)

8. FACTORS That Increase Body Temperature
TECHNOLOGY
FACTORS That Increase Body Temperature
Illness
Infection
Exercise
Excitement
High temperatures in the environment

9. FACTORS that decrease body temperature
TECHNOLOGY
FACTORS that decrease body temperature
Starvation
Fasting
Sleep
Decreased muscle activity
Mouth breathing
Exposure to cold temperatures in the environment

10. Temperature Variations by Body Site
TECHNOLOGY
Temperature Variations by Body Site
Oral °F (37°C)
Range °F °C
Rectal 99.6°F (37.6°C)
Range °F °C
Axillary 97.6° F (36.4°C)
Range °F
36-37°C

11. TECHNOLOGY
Hypothermia
A low body temperature below
95°F (35°C)

12. Hyperthermia Occurs when the body temperature exceeds 104°F (40°C)
TECHNOLOGY
Hyperthermia
Occurs when the body temperature exceeds 104°F (40°C)

13. FEVER! And elevated body temperature usually above 101°F (38.3°C)
TECHNOLOGY
FEVER!
And elevated body temperature usually above 101°F (38.3°C)

14. TECHNOLOGY
PULSE
Pulse – the pressure of the blood pushing against the wall of an artery as the heart beats and rests
The pulse is more easily felt in arteries that lie fairly close to the skin and can be pressed against a bone by the fingers.

15. Pulse Sites Temporal – At the side of the forehead
TECHNOLOGY
Pulse Sites
Temporal – At the side of the forehead
Carotid – At the neck
Brachial – Crease of the elbow
Radial – Above the thumb
Femoral – the upper thigh
Popliteal – Behind the knee
Dorsalis Pedis – Top of the foot arch

17. Terms to know….. Bradycardia – A pulse rate under 60 beats per minute.
TECHNOLOGY
Terms to know…..
Bradycardia – A pulse rate under 60 beats per minute.
Tachycardia – A pulse rate over 100 beats per minute (except in children).
Arrhythmia – An irregular or abnormal rhythm, usually caused by a defect in the electrical conduction pattern of the heart.

18. Measuring and Recording Respiration
TECHNOLOGY
Measuring and Recording Respiration
Respiration – the process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs and respiratory tract.

19. Respirations can be counted by placing your hand on the upper chest to feel it rise and fall.
If you can hear the person breathing, count how many times he breathes in a minute.
Listen to hear if the person is breathing deep (slow) or shallow (fast).
Also write down anything you notice about the person's breathing, such as being regular or not regular and if there are sounds

20. Rates of Respiration Adults – 14 to 18 breaths per minute
TECHNOLOGY
Rates of Respiration
Adults – 14 to 18 breaths per minute
Children – 16 to 25 breaths per minute
Infants – 30 to 50 breaths per minute

21. TECHNOLOGY
Character and Rhythm
Character refers to the depth and quality of respirations. Words used to describe character include deep, shallow, labored, etc.
Rhythm refers to the regularity of respirations, or equal spacing between breaths. It is described as regular or irregular.

22. More terms to know…. Dyspnea – Difficult or labored breathing
TECHNOLOGY
More terms to know….
Dyspnea – Difficult or labored breathing
Apnea – Absence of respirations
Tachypnea – Respiratory rate above 25 resp. per minute.
Bradypnea – Slow respiratory rate below 10 resp. per minute.
Orthopnea – Breathing is difficult in positions other than sitting or standing

23. TECHNOLOGY
…….
Cheyne-Stokes Respirations – Periods of dyspnea followed by periods of apnea; frequently noted in the dying patient.
Rales – Bubbling or noisy sounds caused by fluids or mucus in the air passages.

24. BLOOD PRESSURE
Blood pressure is a measurement of the force applied to the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body.

25. The pressure is determined by the force and amount of blood pumped, and the size and flexibility of the arteries.

26. Equipment
Auscultatory method aneroid sphygmomanometer with stethoscope

27. Mercury manometer

28. How the Test is Performed
   
Blood pressure is usually measured while you are seated with your arm resting on a table.
Your arm should be slightly bent so that it is at the same level as your heart.
The upper arm should be bare, with your sleeve comfortably rolled up.

29. The top number is the systolic blood pressure reading
The top number is the systolic blood pressure reading. It represents the maximum pressure exerted when the heart contracts.
The bottom number is the diastolic blood pressure reading. It represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest.

30. wrap the blood pressure cuff snugly around your upper arm, positioning it so that the lower edge of the cuff is 1 inch above the bend of the elbow.
locate the large artery on the inside of the elbow by feeling for the pulse and will place the head of the stethoscope over this artery, below the cuff.

31. close the valve on the rubber inflating bulb and then will squeeze it rapidly to inflate the cuff until the dial or column of mercury reads 30 mmHg higher than the usual systolic pressure.

32. Next, the valve is opened slightly, allowing the pressure to fall gradually (2 to 3 mmHg per second). As the pressure falls, the level on the dial or mercury tube at which the pulsing is first heard is recorded. This is the systolic pressure

33. As the air continues to be let out, the sounds will disappear
As the air continues to be let out, the sounds will disappear. The point at which the sound disappears is recorded. This is the diastolic pressure (the lowest amount of pressure in the arteries as the heart rests).

34. Blood Pressure Readings
NORMAL ADULT
120/80 mm HG

35. Blood pressure readings are measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and usually given as 2 numbers. For example, 110 over 70 (written as 110/70).

36. Words to know
Hypotension-low blood pressure when values are less than 100 mm HG systolic and 70 mm HG diastolic
Hypertension-high blood pressure when values are greater than 140 mm HG systolic and 90 mm HG diastolic

37. Blood pressure readings may be affected by many different conditions, including:
Cardiovascular disorders
Neurological conditions
Kidney and urological disorders
Pre-eclampsia in pregnant women
Psychological factors such as stress, anger, or fear
Various medications
"White coat hypertension" may occur if the medical visit itself produces extreme anxiety

38. Medical Abbreviations
TPR BP
T-temperature
P-pulse
R-respiration
BP-blood pressure

39. THE END is it Friday yet???? Created by Westview COOL HOSA members