1. Matter and Energy in Ecosystems

2. Photosynthesis
The process used by plants that has two pathways to capture sunlight and converting it to chemical energy

3. Photosynthesis Every living thing needs energy in order to survive.
Cells use energy to:
Grow
Reproduce
Respond to the environment
Metabolize
Maintain homeostasis
Evolve
Many organisms get their energy from the food that they eat. However, plants are different. They lack the ability to graze or hunt so they obtain their energy in a different way.

4. They make their food using… !!
Photosynthesis
They make their food using… !!

5. Energy Source of Life on Earth
The process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food is called photosynthesis

6. Plants have a specialized organelle in charge of capturing sunlight and converting it to chemical energy:
Chloroplast

7. Two Pathways of Photosynthesis
Pathway 1: Light Dependent Reaction (capturing the Sun’s Energy)
Pathway 2: Calvin Cycle (Converting Light Energy to Chemical Energy)

8. Pathway 1: Capturing the Sun’s Energy
In chloroplasts called the Thylakoid (it contains chlorophyll) (a special energy-capturing molecule that makes plants green) has a similar function as solar panels. It captures energy
Chlorophyll captures light energy and uses it to power the second pathway of photosynthesis.

9. Pathway 1- Light Dependent Reaction
Occurs in Chloroplasts—
(thylakoid, which contains chlorophyll)
Reactants:
Sunlight,
6 H2O
Products: 6 O2, 1 ATP, and NADPH (a special energy carrying molecule found in plants, used in Pathway 2)

10. Pathway 2-Calvin Cycle
Occurs in Chloroplasts – specifically the stroma (jelly like fluid in chloroplasts)
Reactants:
6 CO2, NADPH, ATP
Products:
C6H12O6

11. Model: Process of Photosynthesis

12. How do CO2 and O2 get into and out of a plant?
CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through the stomata (small openings on underside of leaves).

13. The Photosynthesis Equation

14. Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Chemical formula is opposite Cellular Respiration
How Energy Changes:
Sunlight changes into Chemical Energy (in glucose)
How Matter Changes:
Turns CO2 and H2O into C6H12O6 and O2
Chemical formula is opposite photosynthesis
How Energy Changes:
Chemical Energy changes into Motion and Heat Energy
How Matter Changes:
Turn C6H12O6 and O2 into CO2 and H2O

15. Photosynthesis vs. Respiration

16. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

17. Fermentation
Some cells are able to obtain energy from food without using oxygen ----anaerobic respiration
Organisms who do this:
Single celled organisms who live in places that contain no oxygen
Mud
Deep ocean

18. Fermentation
Organisms who obtain their energy through fermentation, an energy-releasing process that does not require oxygen.
The amount of energy released during fermentation, however, is much lower than the amount released during respiration.

19. Types of Fermentation Two Examples of Fermentation:
Alcohol fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation

20. Alcohol Fermentation
One type of fermentation occurs when yeast and some other singled-celled organisms break down sugars.
This is sometimes called alcohol fermentation because this is one product that is produced.
The products of alcohol fermentation are carbon dioxide and a small amount of energy.

21. Alcohol Fermentation

22. Alcohol Fermentation CO2 in bread caused by yeast causes it to rise.
CO2 is the source of bubbles in beer

23. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs when your cells use up oxygen faster than it can be replaced. Because your cells lack oxygen, fermentation occurs.

24. Lactic Acid Fermentation
The fermentation supplied your cells with energy
One product of this type of fermentation is an acid called lactic acid.
When lactic acid builds up you feel pain in your muscles