1. The Industrialized Democracies
Chapter 2
The Industrialized Democracies
Chapter Cover Slide – book cover, book title, chapter number, chapter title

2. Table 2.1

3. Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, students should be able to:
Define “democracy”.
Explain variations in democracies in different countries.
Define “rule of law”.
Describe characteristics of civil society and civic culture.
Outline support for and exceptions to the hypothesis that capitalism and affluence are prerequisites of democratic political cultures.
Outline the development of democratic states in Western Europe since the eighteenth century.
Define “political legitimacy” and explain its role in democratic civil societies.
Explain the roles of social capital and tolerance in democratic civil societies.
Outline the characteristics of the types of political parties found in Western democratic states.
Describe characteristics of presidential and parliamentary regimes.
Explain the primary roles of bureaucracies in democratic regimes.
Define and apply the concept of an “integrated elite”.
Describe an “interventionist state” and its primary characteristics.
Chapter Learning Objectives

4. Thinking About Democracy
Democracy is about relationships between the rulers and the ruled.
Rule by the people
Democratic reality: Pay taxes, serve in the military, follow the rule of law, and so on.

5. Thinking About Democracy
The Basics
Rights
Basic individual freedoms
Competitive Elections
Regular, free, fair
Different electoral and party systems
Single-member districts vs. proportional representation
The Rule of Law
Clear and fair rules
People are governed by clear and fair rules

6. Thinking About Democracy
Civil Society and Civic Culture
Stable democracies have a civic culture
Capitalism and Affluence
Democracy can only exist alongside an affluent economy

7. Thinking About Democracy
Which Countries Are Democracies?
Using these criteria, it is easy to identify more than twenty countries that are unquestionably democratic.
Most are in Western Europe or in parts of the world Europeans colonized.
The one obvious exception is Japan.
All of these countries have met the five criteria for at least thirty years—little chance of their regimes collapsing.

8. The Origins of the Democratic State
Domestic concerns played more of a role in their development than other countries we will examine (as opposed to colonialism and imperialism)
Democracy took a long time to develop.
- still developing?

9. THE ORIGINS OF THE DEMOCRATIC STATE
The Evolution of Democratic Thought
Thomas Hobbes (1586–1679): People had to give up their freedom to the Leviathan in order to prevent anarchy.
Laissez-faire theory: Government should stay out of the economy and let the market run itself.
John Locke (1632–1704): State’s role was to protect life, liberty, and property.
How would the state accomplish this?

10. Key Turning Points
Table 2.3

11. The Origins of the Democratic State
Evolution of Democratic Thought
All of the industrialized democracies limited suffrage until the mid-nineteenth century
Women did not get the right to vote in many countries until the twentieth century.
In the late- nineteenth/early- twentieth centuries, European parliaments gained more power.

12. Women in Parliament
Table 2.2
Source: International Parliamentary Union, Accessed 15 April 2011.

13. THE ORIGINS OF THE DEMOCRATIC STATE
Building Democracies
Four great transformations:
The creation of the nation and state.
The role of religion in society and government.
The development of pressures for democracy.
The Industrial Revolution.

14. THE ORIGINS OF THE DEMOCRATIC STATE
Rise of fascism and authoritarianism led many to question democracy.
Democracy was (is) a tumultuous process.
United States sent aid to Europe during the Cold War to stop the spread of communism.

15. POLITICAL CULTURE AND PARTICIPATION
The Civic Culture
In successful democracies, people have a sense of legitimacy.
The feeling of legitimacy has remained despite a dramatic drop in support for governments.
Scholars consider values and assumptions of a political culture.
Putnam: role of social capital
Zakaria: tolerance and institutions that instill respect for the views and actions of others

16. POLITICAL CULTURE AND PARTICIPATION
Political Parties and Elections
Political parties: Contest elections and form governments.
Left end of spectrum: Remains of communist parties, socialist parties, center democratic parties.
Center: Liberals or radicals.
Right: Christian Democratic parties, secular conservatives .

17. POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
Table 2.4

18. Political Parties and Ideology
Table 2.6

19. POLITICAL CULTURE AND PARTICIPATION
Catch-All Parties
Democratic party systems today are not working very well because of their old roots.
The rise of catch-all parties
Adoption of more moderate position
Sustained economic growth
The expansion of the welfare state

20. FIGURE 2.1 Political Participation in Flux: Two Versions

21. POLITICAL CULTURE AND PARTICIPATION
New Divisions
Important changes are occurring on the fringes of the electoral mainstream.
Growing difference between men and women
A new type of middle-class, postmaterialist voters
Likely to support the new party: The Greens
The growing role of women playing in political life

22. POLITICAL CULTURE AND PARTICIPATION
Realignment?
Existing or new parties adopt strong positions appealing to new segments of the electorate.
Dealignment always precedes realignment.
The right has gone a long way toward redefining itself: Reagan and Thatcher.
The left has had a much harder time redefining its image and appealing to a new coalition of voters.

23. POLITICAL CULTURE AND PARTICIPATION
Interest Groups
Interest groups promote different points of views.
Business groups have more influence than unions.
Nature of relationship between interest groups and decision makers varies from country to country.
Protest movements go beyond activities of interest groups, but do not question legitimacy of regimes.

24. POLITICAL CULTURE AND PARTICIPATION
Political Protest
The industrialized democracies all have protest movements.
There is plenty of protest: Goes beyond traditional activities of interest groups.
No one who joins the protests questions the legitimacy of their regimes.

25. THE DEMOCRATIC STATE Presidential and Parliamentary Systems
Presidential System (United States)
Constitution set out to create the separation of powers.
Compromise was the norm and rapid decision making was difficult.
Lengthy legislative process
Checks and balances among three branches

26. THE DEMOCRATIC STATE Presidential and Parliamentary Systems
Power of prime minister is fused with parliament, not separated.
Prime minister is usually head of majority party, appoints the rest of cabinet.
Doctrine of cabinet responsibility: The government remains in office until the next election if and only if it retains the support of that majority on all major pieces of legislation.
Must keep its majority on votes of confidence.

27. THE DEMOCRATIC STATE Parliamentary System
How is the legislative process different from the presidential system?
In some parliamentary systems, a coalition of many parties is necessary to govern.

29. THE DEMOCRATIC STATE The Rest of the State
Bureaucracy plays a critical role.
Max Weber (1864–1920)—Modern civil services are supposed to be the epitome of efficiency, but do not always reach this ideal.
Iron triangle—Close cooperation between bureaucrats, politicians, and businesses.
How are bureaucratic relationships different in France and the United States?
The courts have more power in the United States than other industrialized democracies

30. Iron Triangles
Figure 2.4

31. Public Policy The Interventionist State
Markets cannot effectively provide public goods.
Markets work best if there is competition and wealth and power is not concentrated .
Social and economic changes of the Industrial Revolution led to the interventionist state.
Globalization of economic activity

32. Public Policy The Interventionist State
Basic health care and education
Subsidized or free education at all levels
Unemployment compensation
Pensions and programs for seniors

33. Public Policy Foreign Policy
End of Cold War resulted in one superpower, the United States.
Democracies supported war in Afghanistan, not as widespread in support of Iraq.

34. The Media
With the telecommunications revolution it is easier to get information; it is also more accessible, but can be confusing.
Average citizens’ view toward the world may be quite different from those of either politicians or the media moguls.
People are paying less attention to the political world, partially due to general cynicism towards politics and politicians .

35. The Worst Form of Government Except for All of the Others
Democratic regimes achieve a series of balances better than any other type of government, at least over the long haul:
Between the governors and the governed.
Between the political world and the rest of society.
Between unbridled capitalism and the interests of those who do not benefit (much) from it.
Between personal freedom and the need to maintain order and forge coherent public policy.

36. Discussion
How are the social and economic changes in the world as a whole affecting the nature of and prospects for democracy?
What are the main differences between presidential and parliamentary versions of democracy?