1. Chapter 10 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
SPI’s
4.1 Identify the structure and function of DNA.
4.2 Associate the process of DNA replication with its biological significance.
4.3 Recognize the interactions between DNA and RNA during protein synthesis.
Conceptual Strand 4: Organisms reproduce and transmit hereditary information.

2. Bellringer # 1
What is the sugar that is in DNA? Clear desk except for a highlighter and scantron.

3. Chapter 10 Table of Contents Section 1 Discovery of DNA
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
Table of Contents
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Section 2 DNA Structure
Section 3 DNA Replication
Section 4 Protein Synthesis

4. The primary function of DNA is to Make proteins.
Bellringer # 2
The primary function of DNA is to
Make proteins.
Store and transmit genetic information.
Control chemical processes within cells.
Prevent mutations.
Open text to pg Set up notes for 10.2

5. Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
Objectives
Evaluate the contributions of Franklin and Wilkins in helping Watson and Crick discover DNA’s double helix structure.
Describe the three parts of a nucleotide.
Summarize the role of covalent and hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA.
Relate the role of the base-pairing rules to the structure of DNA.

6. Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Double Helix
In the 1950’s Watson and Crick created a model of DNA by using Franklin’s and Wilkins’s DNA diffraction X-rays.

7. Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Double Helix
DNA is made of 2 nucleotide strands that wrap around each other in the shape of a double helix or twisted ladder.

8. Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Double Helix, continued
A DNA nucleotide is made of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T).

9. Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Nucleotides, continued
Bonds Hold DNA Together
Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules form the side of the ladder and the base pairs form the steps.

10. Nucleotides are linked by covalent bonds.
Hydrogen bond between complementary base pairs, G=C (3 bonds) and A=T (2 bonds), hold the 2 strands of DNA together.

11. A and G are purines, C and T are pyrimidines
Nitrogenous bases
A and G are purines, C and T are pyrimidines
The order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA is called a base sequence.

12. One DNA strand can serve as a template for making a new complimentary strand.

13. 10.2 Vocab
Nucleotide
Deoxyribose
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
6. Guanine 7. Purine 8. Pyrimidine 9. Complimentary base pairs 10. Base sequence

14. Clear desk except for pencil.
Bellringer # 3
If a portion of an original strand of DNA is CCTAGCT, the complimentary strand would be _________.
TTGCATG
AAGTATC
CCTAGCT
GGATCGA
Clear desk except for pencil.

15. Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of Amino acids
Bellringer # 4
Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Monosaccharides
Nucleotides
Open text to pg 200. Set up notes for 10.3

16. Chapter 10 Objectives Section 3 DNA Replication
Summarize the process of DNA replication.
Identify the role of enzymes in the replication of DNA.
Describe how complementary base pairing guides DNA replication.
Compare the number of replication forks in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells during DNA replication.
Describe how errors are corrected during DNA replication.

17. Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
How DNA Replication Occurs
DNA replication: process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides.

18. Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
Steps of DNA Replication
DNA strands are separated by enzyme helicase. (Hydrogen bonds are broken between base pairs.)
replication fork: Y-shaped region that results when the 2 strands separate.

19. 2. DNA polymerases form new strands by adding complementary nucleotides to each original strand.
synthesis on leading strand occurs in direction of fork, while synthesis on lagging strand goes away from fork.
DNA ligase joins gaps in lagging strand.

20. 3. DNA polymerases are released
3. DNA polymerases are released. 2 identical DNAs result and cell is ready for division.

21. Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
DNA Replication

22. Prokaryotic Replication
begins at 1 place in it’s circular chromosome.
2 replication forks are formed and go in opposite directions until entire chromosome is copied.

23. Chapter 10 Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication

24. Eukaryotic Replication
begins at many points along each long chromosome.

25. DNA proofreading and repair prevent many replication errors.
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
DNA Errors in Replication
DNA proofreading and repair prevent many replication errors.
Changes in DNA: mutations.
can have serious effects on the function of gene and disrupt cell function.

26. DNA Replication and Cancer
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
DNA Errors in Replication, continued
DNA Replication and Cancer
Unrepaired mutations that affect genes which control cell division can cause diseases such as cancer.

27. DNA Replication Helicase Replication fork DNA polymerase Mutation
10.3 Vocab
DNA Replication
Helicase
Replication fork
DNA polymerase
Mutation
6. Synthesis 7. DNA Ligase 8. Prokaryotic DNA replication 9. Chromosome 10. Cancer

28. Turn Day 1 Lab into the basket.
Bellringer # 5
An enzyme called _________ breaks apart the Hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
Helicase
Polymerase
Ligase
Protease
Turn Day 1 Lab into the basket.

29. Bellringer # 6
DNA ________ add new nucleotides that are complimentary to each original strand of DNA.
Helicase
Polymerase
Ligase
Protease
Open text to pg 204. Set up notes for Turn Day 2 lab into basket.

30. Chapter 10 Objectives Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Outline the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to protein.
Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA.
Describe the importance of the genetic code.
Compare the role of mRNA, rRNA,and tRNA in translation.
Identify the importance of learning about the human genome.

31. The structure of DNA helps explain how genes function in making proteins that determine traits in organisms.

32. The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as:
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Flow of Genetic Information
The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as:
DNA (transcription) RNA (translation) protein.
Proteins: SEE ADDITIONAL NOTES

33. RNA: a nucleic acid made of nucleotides
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
RNA Structure and Function
RNA: a nucleic acid made of nucleotides
has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose
has uracil in place of thymine.
is single stranded
is shorter than DNA.

34. Chapter 10 Comparing DNA and RNA Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

35. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Types of RNA
messenger RNA (mRNA): carries instructions from gene to protein
ribosomal RNA (rRNA): makes up ribosomes
transfer RNA (tRNA): transfers amino acid to ribosome to form polypeptides which form proteins

36. Chapter 10 Types of RNA Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

37. RNA Differs from DNA in that RNA Is sometimes single-stranded
Bellringer # 7
RNA Differs from DNA in that RNA
Is sometimes single-stranded
Contains a different sugar molecule
Contains the nitrogen base Uracil.
All of the above
CLEAR DESK EXCEPT FOR PENCIL!!!

38. The human genome contains 10,000 genes 3.2 billion base pairs
Bellringer # 8
The human genome contains
10,000 genes
3.2 billion base pairs
24 chromosomes
All of the above
Clear desk except for sheet of paper and pencil.

39. DNA acts as template for directing synthesis of RNA.
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Transcription
DNA acts as template for directing synthesis of RNA.
Occurs in nucleus of eukaryotes.

40. STEPS OF TRANSCRIPTION
1. RNA Polymerase binds to promoter (specific sequence that starts transcription)
DNA strands unwind and separate.

41. 2. Complimentary RNA nucleotides are added then joined. (U=A, G=C)
Only uses a gene of DNA as template.

42. 3. RNA polymerase reaches termination signal (specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of the gene)
RNA Polymerase releases DNA and RNA.
RNA leaves nucleus to perform job in cell.

43. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Transcription

44. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Genetic Code
The nearly universal genetic code identifies the specific amino acids coded for by each 3-nucleotide mRNA codon.

45. In RNA molecules, adenine is complimentary to Cytosine. Guanine.
Bellringer # 9
In RNA molecules, adenine is complimentary to
Cytosine.
Guanine.
Thymine.
Uracil.
GET DNA MODELS AND CLEAR DESK.

46. The function of tRNA is to Synthesize DNA. Synthesize tRNA.
Bellringer # 10
The function of tRNA is to
Synthesize DNA.
Synthesize tRNA.
Form ribosomes.
Transfer amino acids to ribosomes.
Get out notes for Open text to pg Turn in Transcription Lab.

47. TRANSLATION: Making of a protein
All types of RNA are used in translation.

48. A protein is 1 or more polypeptide.
Proteins
Made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.
A protein is 1 or more polypeptide.
There are 20 different amino acids.
Amino acid sequence determines how the polypeptide will twist and fold.
Shape of protein determines it’s function.

49. Chapter 10 Steps of Translation
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Steps of Translation
mRNA and tRNA bind together. tRNA carries an amino acid and an anticodon (3 nucleotides on the RNA that are complimentary to a sequence of a codon in mRNA).

50. As the mRNA codons move through the ribosome, tRNAs add specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
The process continues until a stop codon is reached and the newly made protein is released.

51. Translation: Assembling Proteins
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Translation: Assembling Proteins

52. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
The Human Genome
The entire gene sequence of the human genome, the complete genetic content, is now known.
It consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes, 30,000 genes, and 3.2 billion base pairs.

53. Gene mRNA rRNA tRNA Transcription
10.4 Vocab
Gene
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
Transcription
6. Promoter 7. Termination signal 8. Codon 9. Translation 10. Anticodon

54. During Translation, a ribosome binds to DNA mRNA Protein
Bellringer # 10
During Translation, a ribosome binds to
DNA
mRNA
Protein
A peptide bond
Obtain your DNA models and clear desk except for something to write with.

55. Bellringer # 12
Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called a(n)
Mutagen
Codon
Anticodon
Exon