1. The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Lesson 4 Reformation Ideas Spread

2. The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Lesson 4 Reformation Ideas Spread
Learning Objectives
Describe the new ideas that Protestant sects embraced.
Understand why England formed a new church.
Analyze how the Catholic Church reformed itself.
Explain why many groups faced persecution during the Reformation.
Explain the impact of the Reformation.

3. The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Lesson 4 Reformation Ideas Spread
Key Terms
sects
Henry VIII
Mary Tudor
Thomas Cranmer
Elizabeth
canonized
compromise
Council of Trent
Ignatius of Loyola
Teresa of Avila
ghetto

4. An Explosion of Protestant Sects
Henry III, the Catholic king of France, was deeply disturbed by the Calvinist reformers in Geneva. “It would have been a good thing,” he wrote, “if the city of Geneva were long ago reduced to ashes, because of the evil doctrine which has been sown from that city throughout Christendom.”
As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects, or religious groups, sprang up. 

5. An Explosion of Protestant Sects
Radical Reformers - A number of groups, for example, rejected the practice of infant baptism. Infants, they argued, are too young to understand what it means to accept the Christian faith. Only adults, they felt, should receive the sacrament of baptism. Because of this belief, they became known as Anabaptists.
Most Anabaptists, however, were peaceful. In an age of religious intolerance, they called for religious toleration. They also put forward the idea of the separation of church and state. Despite harsh persecution for their threat to the traditional order, these groups influenced Protestant thinking in many countries. Today, the Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish all trace their religious ancestry to the Anabaptists.

6. An Explosion of Protestant Sects
Anabaptists practiced adult baptism. Often, the ceremony took place in a river, pond, or similar body of water.

7. The English Reformation
In England, religious leaders like John Wycliffe had called for Church reform as early as the 1300s. By the 1520s, some English clergy were exploring Protestant ideas. The break with the Catholic Church, however, was the work not of religious leaders but of King Henry VIII. For political reasons, Henry wanted to end papal control over the English Church.

8. The English Reformation
Monks were forced to leave monasteries as part of the dissolution ordered by King Henry VIII. Henry ordered that Catholic convents and monasteries be closed, claiming they were centers of immorality.

9. The English Reformation
Henry VIII Seeks an Annulment – Wife had not borne him a son in 18 years, but Pope refused
Henry VIII Breaks with the Church – So he started his own church with a series of acts of parliament
The Church of England (Anglican) with the King as its head
His first new wife quickly gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, so he married four more times but only had one son, Edward VI
Religious Turmoil – Those who opposed the break with the Catholic Church were executed, including Sir Thomas Moore. When Edward VI died in his teens, his half-sister Mary Tudor came to the throne. A pious Catholic, she was determined to make England Catholic once more. She failed, but not before hundreds of English Protestants, including Archbishop Cranmer, were burned at the stake for heresy.
The Elizabethan Settlement

10. Although Protestant, Queen Elizabeth showed more tolerance for Catholics and other Protestant sects in an effort to end religious conflicts. The Elizabethan settlement went far in achieving that goal.

11. The Catholic Reformation
As the Protestant Reformation swept across northern Europe, a vigorous reform movement took hold within the Catholic Church. The leader of this movement, known as the Catholic Reformation, was Pope Paul III. (Protestants often called it the Counter-Reformation.)

12. The Catholic Reformation
The Council of Trent Passes Reforms
The Inquisition Is Strengthened - The Inquisition was a Church court set up during the Middle Ages. To battle Protestant ideas, the Inquisition used secret testimony, torture, and execution to root out what the Church considered heresy. It also prepared the Index of Forbidden Books, a list of works considered too immoral for Catholics to read. The list included books by Luther and Calvin and even some books by Italian humanists.
The Jesuits – Society of Jesus, spread Catholicism abroad to Africa and Asia, and the America’s, preached discipline and education
Teresa of Avila- Nuns weren’t strict enough in Spain
Results of the Catholic Reformation - The reforms of the Catholic Reformation did stop the Protestant tide and even returned some areas to the Catholic Church. Still, Europe remained divided into a Catholic south and a Protestant north. This division would fuel conflicts that lasted for centuries, although later, the goals were more political than religious.

13. The Catholic Reformation
Pope Paul III meets with Catholic religious leaders at the Council of Trent, where he called for a series of reforms to correct abuses within the Church.

14. The Catholic Reformation
Analyze Maps By 1600, the spread of Protestantism had transformed Catholic Europe. What was the main religion in France? Why were most people in each region practicing that religion by 1600?

15. Religious Persecution Continues
The Inquisition executed many people accused of heresy. Catholic mobs attacked and killed Protestants. Protestants killed Catholic priests and destroyed Catholic churches. Both Catholics and Protestants persecuted radical sects like the Anabaptists.

16. Religious Persecution Continues
Witch Hunts - The religious fervor of the time contributed to a wave of witch hunting. Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of women and men died as victims of witch hunts. Often, those accused of being witches, or agents of the devil, were women.
Scholars have offered various reasons for this savage persecution, but most agree that it had to do with people’s beliefs in magic and spirits. At the time, people saw a close link between magic and heresy. Witches, they believed, were in league with the devil and were thus anti-Christian.
In troubled times, people looked for scapegoats. Typically, people accused of witchcraft were social outcasts—beggars, poor widows, midwives blamed for infant deaths, or herbalists whose potions and cures were seen as gifts of the devil.
In the charged religious atmosphere of the Reformation, many people were convinced that witchcraft and devil worship were on the rise. Most victims of witch hunts died in the German states, Switzerland, and France, all centers of religious conflict. When the wars of religion came to an end, the persecution of witches also declined.
Persecution of Jews

17. Religious Persecution Continues
Women accused of witchcraft are questioned before King James. Many women who were skilled with herbs or seen as being different from the norm were suspected of witchcraft. Men also fell victim to the persecution, fed by religious fervor.

18. Persecution of Jews
The Reformation brought hard times to Europe’s Jews. For many Jews in Italy, the early Renaissance had been a time of relative prosperity. Unlike Spain, which had expelled its Jews in 1492, Italy allowed them to remain. Some Jews followed the traditional trades they had been restricted to in medieval times. They were goldsmiths, artists, traders, and moneylenders. Others expanded into law, government, and business. A few well-educated Jews served as advisers to powerful rulers.
Yet the pressure remained strong on Jews to convert. By 1516, Jews in Venice had to live in a separate quarter of the city called the ghetto. Other Italian cities set up walled ghettos in which Jews were forced to live.

19. People gather on a street in a Jewish ghetto in Rome
People gather on a street in a Jewish ghetto in Rome. The gate at the end of the street would likely be closed and locked at sundown. This was for the protection of the Jewish residents from mobs bent on violence.

20. Quiz: An Explosion of Protestant Sects
What was the one key belief shared by the different Anabaptist sects?
A. Only adults should be baptized.
B. Property should be distributed equally among all people.
C. There should be a state religion.
D. Violent protest was the best way to quickly achieve social change.

21. Quiz: The English Reformation
What was the main catalyst driving Henry VIII to establish the Church of England?
A. He wanted to strengthen the economy by dissolving the monasteries and using their lands and money for the English treasury.
B. The pope had offended Henry by refusing to recognize his efforts in defending the Catholic faith against Martin Luther.
C. He was a staunch Protestant and wanted to break away from the traditions, rituals, and hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church.
D. The pope would not grant him an annulment so he could remarry and produce a male heir to succeed him.

22. Quiz: The Catholic Reformation
What was one of the important results of the Catholic Reformation?
A. The Roman Catholic Church met at the Council of Trent and reaffirmed traditional doctrine, took steps to end abuses, and established new schools.
B. The Roman Catholic Church, through its work at the Council of Trent, completely stopped the spread of Protestantism in Europe.
C. The Roman Catholic Church met at the Council of Trent and incorporated most of Martin Luther’s teachings into its doctrine.
D. The Roman Catholic Church and the main Protestant sects met at the Council of Trent to establish a spirit of cooperation and new schools to educate the clergy.

23. Quiz: Religious Persecution Continues
The ghetto in Venice was an example of how
A. there was greater tolerance for Jewish populations.
B. Christians were willing to have Jews live among them.
C. restrictions on the Jewish community increased.
D. efforts to convert Jews to Christianity increased.