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Chapter 7
The Infant
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Key Terms
autonomy
cephalocaudal
coping skill
defense mechanism
development
expressive
growth
infant
length
nonverbal language
norms
nursing caries
object permanence
ordinal position
personality
pincer action
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Key Terms (cont.)
preverbal
receptive
separation anxiety
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
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Definitions
Infant
Growth
Development
Norms
Cephalocaudal
Length
Defense mechanisms
Coping skills
Ordinal position
Personality
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5. Developmental Tasks of Infancy
Include Trust versus Mistrust, Intelligence, Emotional Development, Attachment, Language Development, Motor Development, Physical Activity, Autonomy, Sleep Patterns, and Play.
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Trust Versus Mistrust
The first psychosocial crisis in infancy that must be resolved
Trust develops when infants learn that their basic needs will be met
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7. Understanding Cause and Effect
Discovered at an early age
A cry elicits a response from adults so the cry becomes a means of communication
En face position
Object permanence
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Memory
Infants can retain memory of a traumatic experience
General comforting may not be enough to achieve full emotional recovery
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9. Emotional Development
An infant will mimic the facial expression of the adult
Interaction between parent and infant is necessary in the first months of life and is important for later social development
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Attachment
Begins long before the infant is born, when the mother feels the fetus moving in the womb
Parents slowly develop an instinctive response to infants’ cues
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Separation Anxiety
Begins at 6 months of age
Infant cries or protests when the parent leaves the room
By 18 months, memory development helps the child remember the parent's image and to trust that the parent will return after an absence
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Language Development
Verbal language is both expressive and receptive
Nonverbal language
There appears to be an innate ability to develop language skills
Preverbal stage of language development
First words between 10 and 13 months of age
See Figure 7-2.
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Motor Development
Closely related to the development of perception, emotion, and cognition
Many motor skills are dependent on the disappearance of newborn reflexes
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Physical Activity
Must be provided with a safe and stimulating environment to move and explore
Early motor competence and confidence can contribute to the enjoyment of physical activity throughout childhood and beyond
See Figure 7-3 and Box 7-1.
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Autonomy
Striving for independence starts early in infancy
Self-consoling behavior is an early form of independence
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Sleep Patterns
A maturing central nervous system combined with parental responses aids in the development of sleep patterns
The goal is to help infants develop self-regulatory skills so that they return to sleep without prompting
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17. Role of Play in Fostering Growth and Development
Piaget's sensorimotor theory of development is evident in the infant's play activities
According to Freud's theory of development, the infant is in an oral phase
By applying learned skills to environmental experiences, children learn about the world around them
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Health Maintenance
Tasks can include Nutrition, Teeth, Immunizations, and Accident Prevention.
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Nutrition
Proper nutritional intake is essential to support optimum development
The newborn has a rooting and sucking reflex
Introduction of foods before 6 months of age is not recommended
See Cultural Considerations: Breastfeeding (p. 107)
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Teeth
Primary or baby teeth begin eruption at 5 to 7 months of age
Allow chewing of food
Nursing caries
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Immunizations
Well-child visits should be scheduled after birth before the newborn is discharged from the hospital
Growth, development, health, and nutrition of the infant should be checked every 2 months and appropriate immunizations scheduled
See Appendix A.
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Accident Prevention
Major cause of morbidity and mortality
First injury prevention activity for the newborn is the use of car seats
Safety Alert (p. 109)
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