1. Fluid dynamics during embryo transfer
Cezary Grygoruk, M.D., Ph.D., Karol Ratomski, M.Sc., Ph.D., Miroslawa Kolodziejczyk, M.Sc., Ph.D., Jerzy Gagan, M.Sc., Ph.D., Jacek A. Modlinski, Ph.D., D.Sc., Barbara Gajda, Ph.D., D.Sc., Piotr Pietrewicz, M.Sc., Grzegorz Mrugacz, M.D., Ph.D. 
Fertility and Sterility 
Volume 96, Issue 2, Pages (August 2011)
DOI: /j.fertnstert
Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
(A) Horizontal section of a catheter tip (Labotect GmbH) demonstrating the narrowing of the catheter outlet. Cross-sections O and X are marked with white lines, points O and X are marked with white dots, and hypothetical embryo positions I and II are marked with white arrows (the size of the arrows corresponds to the size of the embryos). (B) Computer simulation of the injection phase of ET with the fluid velocity marked in color. (C) Anterior view of the catheter tip during the injection of the transferred load. (D) Fluid velocity gradient. (E) Dynamic pressure gradient. (F) Shear stress inside the catheter tip during the injection of the transferred load.
Fertility and Sterility  , DOI: ( /j.fertnstert )
Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Horizontal section of the ET catheter. (A) The fluid velocity gradient is marked in colors, the white circle on the left represents an air bubble the size of an embryo in the midstream of the catheter; the white ellipse on the right represents a stretched air bubble in proximity to the catheter wall. (B) Two air bubbles, each the size of an embryo, inside the catheter during the injection of the transferred load; this graphic is a schematic generated by the model. The air bubble in the midstream of the catheter retains its spherical shape, whereas the air bubble in proximity to the catheter wall is stretched owing to the fluid velocity gradient and shear stress. The black arrows indicate the direction of the fluid flow.
Fertility and Sterility  , DOI: ( /j.fertnstert )
Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions