1. H

2. HED-Science Collaboration
From Inertial Fusion to Accelerator Driven High Energy Density Physiscs
Dieter H.H. Hoffmann 霍迪 Xi‘An Jiaotong University, Xi‘An, P.R. China National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI“, Moscow
HED-Science Collaboration
HIAF
A.A. Golubev spokesperson
Tomsk Science School SeminarEFRE 2018

3. Programme High Energy Density and Inertial Fusion
Interaction of Ions with Matter
High Energy Density Physics
Proton Microscopy
Conclusions
Outlook

4. 2014

5. Kernfusion: 2D + 3T  n + 4He
No Chain Reaction

6. 5600 K
T0 = 15.6 ·Million K
P0 = 233· Billion (10**9) bar

8. Compression Burn Hohlraumtarget Surface heating by radiation Ignition
Indirectly heated Fusion -Target
Compression
Burn
Hohlraumtarget
Surface heating
by radiation
Ignition
Hier das Experiment einfügen

13. Gain
Laser Energy [MJ]

14. RT-Instability

15. Nikolay Zmitrenko at 2016 ECLIM Moscow reminded us:
That we do not make the most efficient use of all properties of Lasers. Laser light energy can be extremely concentrated in space and time. However, we use it to heat matter. Later Basov and Guskov introduced the idea to decouple the compression and ignition process which later was more fashionable denoted as fast ignition.
Maybe we should not only decouple these processes but also use different tools for the different steps,

16. FROM ICF to HEDP Some problems related to planetary science
Are there diamond layers in Uranus and Neptune? – (Ross, Nature )
Does high density metallic state of water contribute to sustaining magnetic field in Uranus and Neptune? (Stevenson, Rep. Prog. Phys. 46, 555, 1983)
What is equation of state of H across range of conditions for Jupiter, how does it separate from He? (Nettelman et al Astrophys. J , 2008)
What is exact melting curve for Fe?
Photos from JPL

17. V.E. Fortov: HE Power ~ 5 TW, Energy ~ 500 MJ, HE weight 100 kg
There are many different ways to generate High Energy Density Matter (not using intense coherent radiation)
Sandia: Z-Pinch (Mega-Joules in incoherent X-rays > 5 Mbar achieved
V.E. Fortov: HE Power ~ 5 TW, Energy ~ 500 MJ, HE weight 100 kg

18. High explosive shock wave generators
90+90 kg
10 Mbar, 23 km/s

19. Experimental explosive areas at IPCP, Chernogolovka

20. Experimental Challenges
Samples should be uniform :low gradients in temperature , density and pressure throughout the sample.
Timescale of Warm Dense Matter state long enough to be measured ( near equilibrium).
Access to sample for probing.

21. Available facilities (some examples)
Laser facilities like: NIF (1.8MJ energy at 351nm),
Omega laser at Rochester LLE (30KJ at 351nm) GEKKO laser FIREX II (50KJ 527nm)
High power Z-pinch: e.g. Z Sandia (>20MA)
Intense Heavy Ion Beams: GSI, FAIR, HIAF

22. Some examples of where ion beams from FAIR-HIAF have a competitive edge
Creation of a large volume WDM sample with low temporal and spatial gradients
Very well defined initial conditions of energy deposition in time and space throughout the volume of the sample

23. HIDIF, European Study Group on Heavy Ion Driven
Inertial Fusion, I. Hofmann and G. Plass, GSI-Report GSI-
98-06 (1998).

24. Compression Burn Hohlraumtarget Surface heating by radiation Ignition
Indirectly heated Fusion -Target
Compression
Burn
Hohlraumtarget
Surface heating
by radiation
Ignition
Hier das Experiment einfügen

25. Heating Matter with
Ion Beams or Laser Beams

26. Ion Beam Facilities for HEDP
GSI, Darmstadt
ИТЭФ, Москва
HIFS-VNL, Berkeley
IMP, Lanzhou

27. FAIR, Darmstadt HIAF, China (Lanzhou)
Ion Beam Facilities for HEDP (Future)
FAIR, Darmstadt HIAF, China (Lanzhou)

28. Breif introduction to HIAF
High Intensity Heavy-Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF)
---The 12th 5 year plan in China, HIAF is one of the 16 projects aproved by NDRC!
2013 officially approved, execution plan to be

29. Site of HIAF project 选址与院地合作：优选址 HIAF site HIAF site HIAF HIAF site
ADS

32. Energy loss of Ions in Matter
dE/dx : Bethe, Bohr, Bloch
Stopping power tables
SRIM
Standard example of this lecture:
Uranium ions in PB-target

33. Energy Loss of Heavy Ion Beams in Ionized Matter
Beam Plasma Interaction
Energy Loss of Heavy Ion Beams in Ionized Matter

34. Stopping power of hydrogen (plasma and gas)
for Kr ions at 45 keV/u

35. Energy Loss in Matter
Energy Loss in ionized Matter

36. Z6 – a unique facility offering ion and laser beams for combined experiments
Phelix beam
X-ray streak camera
X-ray pinhole
laser interferometry
VUV-spectrometer
target
pinhole cameras
visible
streak
camera
ion beam
Unilac ion beam: probing
3<Z<92
E = MeV/u
f=108/36 MHz, Dtion = 3 ns (FWHM)
Phelix laser beam: different laser parameters for different experiments
ns, (2w in progress)
ps →100 TW
(compressed 12 cm beam, in progress)
300 ~ ns
(broad spectral width)
nhelix laser beam: up to 3 laser beams simultaneously on the target: ns
5 0.5 ns
(Thomson scattering)
< ns (interferometry)

37. Laser – Heavy Ion Beam Combined Experiments
UNILAC
laser beam
Target chamber
Zav, Vav
Ion beam
Z0, V0
Stop
detector
TOF
target
PHELIX-laser : ns,
Heavy ion beam:
3<Z<92, E=3–13 MeV/u,
RF: 108/36 MHz
Currently: 10° beam line: directly laser driven plasma → energy loss in ideal plasma
2010: 90° beam line: Hohlraum radiation driven plasma → energy loss in non-ideal plasma

38. Typical laser spot with speckles -> irradiation inhomogeneities
No surface which you think is smooth is truly smooth. Not at small enough scales, anyway. Now, your typical green laser pointer has a wavelength of 532 nanometres, and being as a laser is just light, it will scatter off any surface it strikes. So if a green laser pointer is shone at any surface which has a "bumpiness" larger than 532 nanometres, all of those waves of light will suddenly stop being cleanly in phase with each other as they were in the original laser beam, and start being out of phase. Because of how they reflect off the surface imperfections in the material, they interfere with each other randomly, superposing and giving bright spots and dark spots in a speckled pattern, hence "speckle". It's exactly like acoustics and how in an empty room, some sounds seem louder or quieter depending on where you might be standing in the room. Just on a much much smaller scale. Weirdly, all light does this. It's just that regular white light has so many different wavelengths in it, that it averages out so you see no speckles. Given the right conditions though, you can. Squinting, you may sometimes see speckles from your eyelashes, and I know that in the right light, you can see speckles from fingernails.*
The speckle effect is a result of the interference of many waves of the same frequency, having different phases and amplitudes, which add together to give a resultant wave whose amplitude, and therefore intensity, varies randomly. If each wave is modelled by a vector, then it can be seen that if a number of vectors with random angles are added together, the length of the resulting vector can be anything from zero to the sum of the individual vector lengths—a 2-dimensional random walk, sometimes known as a drunkard's walk.
speckle pattern

39. Two-sided target illuminination with high energy laser system at GSI
9.2ns
Laser 1
nhelix
Laser 2 PHELIX

40. Ar-ions in C plasma at 4 MeV/u (2012 data)
Ionization: Electronc,C-ions
Electron Capture: bound electrons, free electrons Dielectronic Recombintion

41. Ion beam plasma interaction
We mainly concentrate on low energy region at IMP
Experimental setup at HV ECR Platform
p-U with energy ranging from *q keV
Bending Magnet with energy resolution: 1keV
Fast gated MCP with time resolution: 10ns
Long lived(~μs),
Fare uniform:n~ cm-3, T~2eV
Two direction discharging
Effect of initial kinetic energy, initial charge state, and nuclear charge Z for low energy ions

42. Ion beam plasma interaction
400keV-He2+ in
Preliminary E t
Energy loss was enhanced by factor of 4 if comparing to that in a same amount of gas, fits well Bethe-Bohr calculations.

43. Experiments show lower energy loss than all theories
W. GSI

44. Energy Loss in degenerate matter

47. Physics of Generating High Energy Density in Matter with Ion Beams
Er : Specific Deposition Energy [J/g]
tb: Beam bunch length [s]
Pr : Specific Deposition Power [W/g]

48. induced by heavy ion beams
“Warm Dense Matter“
induced by heavy ion beams
Ne10+ beam at E0 =300MeV/u penetrating into a
Kr crystal
Intense Pulse
of Heavy Ions
Bragg Peak

49. HHT: heavy ion beam 200-500 MeV/u, 4·109 U ions in 120 ns pulse, ~ kJ/g

50. Hydrodynamic motion
Frame camera

53. HIHEX Heavy Ion Heating and Expansion
HEDgeHOB collaboration scheme: HIHEX
HIHEX Heavy Ion Heating and Expansion
uniform quasi- isochoric heating of a large-volume dense target
isentropic expansion in 1D plane or cylindrical geometry
Numerous high-entropy HED states: EOS and transport properties of e.g., non-ideal plasmas, WDM and critical point regions for various materials

54. Spectral Analyzer: Pyrometer
-12 channels ( nm)
-Interference filters as filters and mirrors
-No beam splitting: high efficiency/sensetivity
-1 ns temporal resolution
-Absolutely callibrated
-Flexible design
To digitizer
12 x (amplifiers+photodiodes)
1500nm
Leg 1
1200nm
1400nm
700 nm
900nm
600nm
Fiber lines from target
12 x interference filters
550nm
900nm
750nm
1300nm
1100nm
1550nm
Leg 2

55. Experimental record:Tungsten
Pb, Fe, Sn, W, Ta, Cu, UO2, Al, Al2O3

56. R. Piriz and N.A. Tahir

58. A. Golubev ITEP, Moscow

59. Performance of the LAPLAS experiment
Detailed 2D hydrodynamic simulations using SIS-100 beam parameters have proved excellent physical performance of the LAPLAS experiment
Distribution of density in the multi-layered LAPLAS target at intermediate state of implosion (BIG-2 code)
Achievable HED physical states in hydrogen:
density : 1 – 2.5 g/cm3 (/o~ 12-28) pressure : Mbar
temperature: K
N.A. Tahir et al.: Phys. Rev. B67 (2003) ; Phys. Rev. E63 (2002) ; Contrib. Plasma Phys. 41 (2002) 287.

61. An early attempt (1972): Comparison to x-rays not favorable!

64. A prototype using permanent magnets is currently being tested at GSI
Setup for proton microscopy is developed at GSI in collaboration with LANL and ITEP
Construction and commissioning of a prototype at HHT (SIS-18)
First beamtime in April 2014 using 4.5 GeV protons
Successfully tested static and dynamic targets, achieving a lateral resolution of 30 μm
TDR for PRIOR-II has been submitted and approved
Funding through German share has been approved by the FAIR Council (July 2017)
GSI-FAIR in-kind contract is in preparation
Commissioning planned in 2019 in Phase 0
PRIOR setup at GSI
Image taken with PRIOR at GSI

65. Activation of structural components of high intensity accelerators
Stopping power distribution (FLUKA calculation ) forU ions of 200 MeV/u penetrating the air gap and the aluminium target

69. Depth profile of the residual activity of 7Be (left) and 22Na (right) in aluminium target irradiated by 238U with energy of 125 MeV/u.

70. Depth profile of the residual activity of 48V in aluminium target irradiated by 124Xe with energy of 300 MeV/u (on right) and the production rate of the nuclide in thin foil (on left

71. 39th International Workshop on High Energy Density Physics with Intense Ion and Laser Beams January 27th to February 1st, 2019
Darmstädter House of Technical University Darmstadt
Hirschegg, Kleinwalsertal, Austria