1. Dr. Maher T. Hadidi, Univ. of Jordan
Shapes of bones
Long bones.
e.g. Humerus
Short bones.
e.g. Wrist bones
Flat bones.
e.g. Scapula
Irregular bones. eg. Vertebra
Sesamoid bones. eg. Patella
Dr. Maher T. Hadidi, Univ. of Jordan

2. Divisions Two parts: Axial skeleton (80 bones). Appendicular skeleton
Upper:
Shoulder girdle
Bones of upper limb
Lower:
Pelvic girdle
Bones of lower limb

3. Bones of the axial skeleton
1- SKULL
2- VERTEBRAL COLUMN
3-THORIC CAGE

4. The Skull 1- Bones of the cranium (contain the brain)
The skull is composed of several separate bones (22 bones) united at immobile joints called sutures.
Only one moveable bone, the mandible which
is united to the skull by the mobile
Temporomandibular Joint
The bones of the skull can be divided into:
1- Bones of the cranium (contain the brain)
2- Bones of the face
The upper part of the cranium is The vault
The base of the skull is the lowest part of the cranium

5. Skull- Superior View Four bones united by four sutures. 4 bones:
Frontal
Occipital
2 Partials
3 Sutures:
Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoid

6. The middle meningeal artery and vein
Pterion: is an area located on the lateral side of the skull
Where 4 bones meet at an H-shaped structure
The pterion is the thinnest part of the lateral wall of the skull. it overlies the anterior division of
The middle meningeal artery and vein
Trauma to the pterion may result in
Epidural bleeding

7. RAISED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
Clinical Features of the Neonatal Skull
FONTANELLES
Palpation of the fontanelles enables the physician to determine :
1-The progress of growth in the surrounding bones
2-the degree of hydration of the baby ;
A-if the fontanelles are depressed below the surface THE BABY IS DEHYDRATED
B- a bulging fontanelle indicates
RAISED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
Samples of cerebrospinal fluid can be obtained by passing a long needle obliquely through the anterior fontanelle into the subarachnoid space
When they close
The anterior fontanelles after 18 months, Posterior Fontanelle: Close by the end of the 2nd month

8. The thorax

9. THE THORACIC WALL
1-STERNUM
2- Ribs
3-The Vertebral Column

10. STERNUM Lies in the midline of the anterior chest wall
It is a flat bone
Divides into three parts:
1-Manubrium sterni
2-Body of the sternum
3- Xiphoid process

11. The sternal angle (angle of Louis)
formed by the articulation of the manubrium with the body of the sternum
Can be recognized by the presence of a transverse ridge on the anterior aspect of the sternum
The transverse ridge lies at the level of the second costal cartilage
The point from which all costal cartilages and ribs are counted

12. Ribs
There are 12 pairs of ribs, all of which are attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae.
The ribs are divided into three categories:
True ribs: The upper seven pairs are attached anteriorly to the sternum by their costal cartilages
False ribs: The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs of ribs are attached anteriorly to each other and to the 7th rib by means of their costal cartilages and small synovial joints.
Floating ribs: The 11th and 12th pairs have no anterior attachment

13. The ribs have subcostal groove which contains
A-INTERCOSTAL VEIN
B-INTERCOSTA L ARTERY
C-INTERCOSTA L NERVE
Therefore, the needle should be inserted above the superior border of the rib
In the subcostal groove the structures of the neurovascular bundle
Are arranged as follow:
A-INTERCOSTAL VEIN
B-INTERCOSTA L ARTERY VAN
C-INTERCOSTA L NERVE
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14. The vertebral column

15. The Vertebral Column is composed of 33 vertebrae 7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
(fused to form the sacrum)
4 coccygeal
(the lower 3 are commonly fused)

16. through which run the spinal cord and its coverings
A typical vertebra consists of:
1-a rounded body anteriorly
2-a vertebral arch posteriorly.
They enclose a space called
The vertebral foramen
through which run the spinal cord and its coverings
The vertebral arch gives rise to seven processes:
a-One spinous
b-Two transverse
c- Four articular

17. upper and lower borders the superior and inferior
The pedicles
are notched on their
upper and lower borders
Forming
the superior and inferior
vertebral notches.
On each side
the superior notch of one vertebra and the inferior notch of an adjacent vertebra together form an intervertebral foramen.
These foramina, in an articulated skeleton, serve to transmit the spinal nerves and blood vessels.

18. Each disc consists of a peripheral part, the anulus fibrosus,
Intervertebral Discs
Each disc consists of a peripheral part,
the anulus fibrosus,
and a central part, the nucleus pulposus
The anulus fibrosus is composed of fibrocartilage, in which the collagen fibers are arranged in concentric layers or sheets.
The nucleus pulposus in children and adolescents is an ovoid mass of gelatinous material containing a large amount of water, a small number of collagen fibers, and a few cartilage cells.

19. spinal cord and spinal nerves. local weakness and acute pain
The pressure developed in the
nucleus pulposus may be great enough to rupture the surrounding fibrocartilage
(annulus fibrosus).
If this occurs, the nucleus pulposus
may herniate (protrude) posteriorly or into one of the adjacent vertebral
bodies
This condition is called a herniated
disc
The disc usually slips posteriorly toward the
spinal cord and spinal nerves.
This movement exerts pressure on the
spinal nerves, causing
local weakness and acute pain

20. to stand upright Curves of the Vertebral Column
Curves in the Sagittal Plane
In the fetus,
the vertebral column has one continuous anterior concavity
After birth,
when the child becomes able to raise his or her head and keep it poised on the vertebral column,
the cervical part of the vertebral column becomes concave posteriorly
Toward the end of the first year,
when the child begins
to stand upright
the lumbar part of the vertebral column becomes concave posteriorly.

22. 1 2 3 4

23. Abnormal Curves of the Vertebral Column
Various conditions may exaggerate the normal curves of the vertebral column, or the column may acquire a lateral bend, resulting in abnormal curves of the vertebral column.
Scoliosis :
the most common of the abnormal curves is a lateral bending of the vertebral column ,usually in the thoracic region
Kyphosis :(hump)
Is an increase in the thoracic curve of the vertebral column
Lordosis :bent backward
is an increase in the lumbar curve of the vertebral column