1. Leveling

2. Leveling : is the procedure used to determine difference in elevation between points that are some distance from each other

3. General Terms
Elevation: is a vertical distance above or below reference datum
Level line: is a line in level surface, a level surface is a curved surface.
Mean sea level: reference datum that is universally employed in surveying studies

4. Leveling Concepts

5. Types of Surveying Levels
Automatic
Digital
Tilting
Dumpy
Rotary Laser

6. Engineers’ Automatic Level

8. Definitions
Bench Mark (BM): is a permanent point of known elevation ( published)
Temporary Bench Mark: (TBM): is semi permanent point on known elevation. (nails in the rod of trees, not publish)
Turning Point (TP): is appoint temporarily used to transfer an elevation.
Back sight: is a rod reading taken on a point of known elevation.
Height of Instrument (HI): is the of the line of sight through the level. HI= Elev. BM + BS

9. Foresight (FS):is a rod reading taken on TP, BM , TBM to determine its elevation. HI-FS= Elev. of TP(or BM or TBM)
Intermediate Sight (IS): is a rod reading taken in any other point where the elevation is required.
HI-IS=Elev.

10. Leveling Procedure – One Setup

11. Leveling Procedure – Multiple Setups

12. Ex 1: complete accompanying set of differential leveling and perform the arithmetic check.
Station
BS (m)
HI (m)
FS (m)
Elevation (m)
BM3
1.613
TP1
1.425
1.927
TP2
1.307
1.710
TP3
1.340
1.273
0.780

13. Peg Test: The purpose of this test is to check the line of sight through the level is horizontal.

14. Peg test
- Place two stakes at distance of (60-90 m) apart. - The level is setup midway(paced) between the two stakes - Road readings are taken at both locations. - If the line of sight through the level is not horizontal, the errors in road readings (Δl1) at both points A &B are the same. - The level is moved to the one of the points (A). - Road then held at A and then at B and normal sighting is taken (a2 &b2).

15. Peg test
Example2 : refer to peg test figure First setup: Rod reading at A, a1= m Rod reading at B, b1= m The difference in elevation =0.172 m Second setup: Rod reading at A, a2= m Rod reading at B, b2= m The difference in elevation =0.163 m

16. Peg test
From second setup there is an error. The second reading b2 would have been = m While the reading is m. So the error (Δl2) = = m along 60m distance The error is 0.009/60= m/m . Therefore, the collimation factor C is equal to m/m

18. C = (62. 9-61. 5). 00015= 0. 0002 m Sum of FS corrected = 5. 7196 + 0
C = ( )* = m Sum of FS corrected = = m The elevation of the BM 201 in the field notes can be calculated as follow : Starting elevation + sum BS – sum FS = Ending eleva – = m This is the corrected elevation for collimation) **** The average of the three cross hairs were taken. When levels are being used for precise purpose. It is recommended to determine collimation correction at least once each day.

19. Ex 3: Four stations C, A, B, and D were set out in a straight line such that CA = AB = BD = 30 m. A level was set up at C and readings of and were observed on vertically held staff at A and B, respectively, when bubble was at the Centre of its run. The level was then set up at D and readings of and were again observed at A and B, respectively. Determine the collimation error of the level and correct difference in level of A and B.

20. Ex 4: Fig. 1 shows a rectangle ABCD, in which A, B, and C are the stations where staff readings were obtained with a level set up at E and D. The observed readings are given in Table below. If A is a bench mark having elevation of 150 m, calculate the correct elevations of B and C.

21. Level Loop Adjustment E= 186.273-186.258= 0.015
Correction= cumulative dist./total distance BM
Loop distances (km)
Field elevation
correction
Adjusted Elevation 20
201
0.8
0.003
202
2.4
0.008
203 3
0.010
4.7
0.015