1. The French Revolution (1789-1815)

2. I. Causes of Revolution Serious fiscal problems in France
war debts amassed in 1780s (50% of taxes to pay)
25% of tax revenues to military
Leads to more radical revolution than American
repudiation of the ancien régime

3. A. The Estates General 3 Estates:
1st Estate: Catholic Clergy (1% of pop.)
2nd Estate: Nobles (2%)
3rd Estate: serfs, free peasants, bourgeoisie…
97% of pop. & paid all taxes!

4. 2. Estates General founded 1303 (not met since 1614)
– 1 vote per estate

5. 1st 200 1 1% 2nd 200 1 2% 3rd 600 1 97% Percentage of the population
Votes in the Estates General
# of Reps in the Estates General
Estate
or Social Class
1st
200 1 1%
2nd
200 1 2%
3rd
600 1
97%

7. B. From Estates General to Revolution
1. King forced to call Estates General for new taxes
lists of complaints
conflict btw Bourgeoisie & Nobles
conflict btw church officers & parish priests
2. Estates general refused to meet 3rd Estate
3. 3rd Estate met at indoor tennis court at Versailles (“Tennis Court Oath”)

8. The Tennis Court Oath

9. C. July 14th, 1789
Protest of nobility forces King Louis XVI to call Estates General for new taxes, May 1789
3rd Estate demands greater social change
June, 3rd Estate secedes
Renamed “National Assembly”
July 14th, mob storms the Bastille (prison symbolic of abuses of monarchy)

10. Storming of the Bastille

11. July 14th, 1789

12. D. Revolution – Moderate Phase
Creation of National Assembly:
wanted constitutional monarchy like England
King sends letters asking relatives & other monarchs to send troops…why?

13. Why would the French Revolution be seen as a threat to Austria, Prussia and other European countries?
Spread of revolutionary ideas.

14. Rebellions in support of National Assembly:
− capture of the Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
− Declaration of the Rights of Man
− limits powers of monarchy

15. Declaration of Rights of Man & Citizen
− August 1789
− American influence
− equality of men
women NOT included: Olympe de Gouges attempts to change this in 1791
sovereignty resides in the people
individual rights

17. II. Radicalization of Revolution
“liberty, equality, fraternity”
National Assembly abolishes old social order
Seizes church lands, redefines clergy as civilians
New constitution retains king, but subject to legislative authority

18. “The Third Estate Awakens”
Sans-culotte

21. Levée en masse: conscription for war
6. Guillotine invented to execute domestic enemies
1793: King Louis & Queen Marie Antoinette

23. A. Causes of Radicalization
War with Austria, Prussia (1791)
Execution of King (1793) later Queen
“The Reign of Terror” ( )
National Assembly dissolved…National Convention
mandatory draft
The Paris Commune (hotel where gov’t was run)
the Committee for Public Safety (led by Robespierre)
capture and execution of “traitors” in countryside

24. Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)
“the Incorruptible” leader of Committee of Public Safety
Leader of Jacobin party (radical revolutionaries…)

25. Jean-Paul Marat

26. 3. Churches closed, priests forced to marry
Promoted “Cult of Reason” as secular alternative to Christianity
Calendar reorganized: 10-day weeks, proclaimed Year 1
Executed 40,000; imprisoned 300,000
Robespierre

28. B. The Directory (1795-1799) Revolutionary enemies of the Jacobins
1794 Robespierre arrested, sent to guillotine
Men of property take power in the form of the Directory
Unable to solve economic & military problems of revolutionary France

29. C. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
born from minor Corsican noble family
Army officer under King Louis XIV, general at 24
brilliant military strategist
overthrows Directory (1799)
− coup de etat
5. imposed new constitution, named self “Consul for life” in 1802

32. III. Napoleonic France agreement with Pope: Concordat
France retains church lands, but pays salaries
freedom of religion, also for Protestants, Jews
1804 creates Napoleonic Code
patriarchal authority
became model for many civil codes

33. Tight control on newspapers, use of secret police
Creates national bank
Declared himself Emperor…

36. − policy failed…caused inflation & smuggling
A. Napoleon’s Empire
conquered Iberia, Italy, & Netherlands
forced Austria & Prussia to enter into alliance
3. Continental System: after defeat to British Navy at the Battle of Trafalgar (1808) Napoleon attempted an economic blockade of all trade to Britain
− policy failed…caused inflation & smuggling

37. Napoleon’s Empire in 1812

38. B. Napoleon’s Decline 1. disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812
burned Moscow, but defeated by Russian “General Winter”

39. Napoléon Invades Russia: 1812
614,000 French troops

40. Napoléon’s Retreat (Early 1813)
Less than 40,000 survive!

41. Abdication of the throne (1813): Napoleon ceded throne to Louis XVIII & sent to exile on island of Elba

42. 3. Napoleon escaped from Elba-- took power again for “100 days”
defeated by British at Waterloo (1815)
exiled to St. Helena (dies 1821)

43. C. Conservative Backlash in Europe
“Great Powers” (Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, England) try to prevent another Napoleon
“Holy Alliance”
Social revolutions of 1848
4. Congress of Vienna (1815): European powers plan for peace

44. *Congress of Vienna: headed by Austria's Prince Metternich, attempted to stem the tide of nationalism sweeping across Europe − restore legitimacy (kings) − create a balance of power

45. Europe after the Congress of Vienna