1. Bio 1108 Reproductive System
Male and Female Anatomy

2. Figure 16.2a Male reproductive organs.
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Seminal vesicle
Prostatic urethra
Ampulla of
ductus deferens
Pubis
Membranous urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Urogenital diaphragm
Rectum
Erectile tissue
of the penis
Prostate
Bulbourethral gland
Spongy urethra
Shaft of the penis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Epididymis
Glans penis
Testis
Prepuce
(a)
Scrotum
External urethral
orifice

3. Male Anatomy The Path of Sperm Testis Epididymis Ductus Deferens
Urethra
M=Models
FP= Fetal Pig
Testis-M, FP
Epididymus-M
Ductus deferens-M, FP
Seminal vesicle-M
Prostrate-M
Urethra –M, FP
Penis-M, FP
Microscope
sperm 3 4 5 6 7 2 1

4. 3 2 Produces sperm 1 Ductus (vas) Spermatic cord Deferens is inside
Blood vessels
and nerves 3
Seminiferous
tubule
Rete testis
Ductus (vas)
deferens
Lobule 2
Septum
Tunica
albuginea
Epididymis
Produces
sperm 1

5. BLADDER
URETHRA
PENIS
TESTES
DUCTUS DEFERENS

6. URETHRA
PENIS
TESTES
Vas Deferens (model-inside cord)

7. bladder
Testes
Vas deferens
Urethra
Penis
BLADDER

8. Male Reproductive System
bladder
Testes
Vas deferens
Urethra
Penis
BLADDER

9. VAS DEFERENS
BLADDER
BLADDER
VAS DEFERENS
SEMINAL VESICLE
PROSTRATE
PENIS
PENIS
EPIDIDYMIS
TESTES
TESTES

10. Urinary bladder
Ureter
Prostate
Ampulla of ductus deferens
Seminal vesicle
Prostatic urethra
Ejaculatory Duct
Orifices of prostatic ducts
Bulbourethral gland
Membranous urethra
Ductus deferens
Root of penis
Erectile tissue of penis
Epididymis
Shaft (body) of penis
Testis
Spongy urethra
Glans penis
Prepuce
External urethral orifice
(b)

11. Located in the Seminiferous Tubules
Spermatogenesis:
Sperm Production
Starts at Puberty
Located in the Seminiferous Tubules
Mitosis of Spermatogonium
Produces 2 cells
One remains for Mitosis
The other continues
Meiosis I: genetic variation introduced
Meiosis II
How One cell of 2n (diploid) DNA becomes four cells of n (haploid) DNA
Seminiferous
tubule
Basement membrane
Spermatogonium
(stem cell)
Daughter cell
type A (remains
at basement
membrane
as a stem cell)
Mitosis
Growth
Daughter cell type B
(moves toward tubule
lumen)
Enters
prophase of
meiosis I
Primary
spermatocyte
Meiosis
Meiosis I
completed
Secondary
spermatocytes
Meiosis II
Early
spermatids
Spermatogenesis
Late
spermatids
Following Meiosis I and II:
All spermatids have and half the amount of DNA- n, they are haploid. Spermiogenesis -last stage of sperm development:
Sperm develop a flagella
Spermiogenesis
Sperm
Lumen of
seminiferous
tubule
next
EPIDIDYMIS

12. Figure 16.5 Structure of sperm.
Plasma membrane
Neck
Tail
Head
Midpiece
Axial filament
of tail
Distal
centriole
Acrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
(a)
Proximal centriole
(b)

13. Hormonal Control of Sperm Production:
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus releases
gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH).
Hormonal Control of Sperm Production:
It begins in the Brain . Hormones are produced released to the blood. Hormones travel by the blood to target tissues.
GNRH travels to the pituitary and stimulates the release of LH. The LH travels to the Testis. Testosterone increases in the Seminiferous Tubules. FSH released by the pituitary travels to the Testis. 1 1
GnRH
GnRH stimulates the
anterior pituitary to release
gonadotropins—FSH and LH.
Anterior
pituitary 2
FSH stimulates spermatogenic
cells to produce sperm. 3 5 2
LH stimulates the interstitial
cells to release testosterone,
which serves as the final trigger
for spermatogenesis.
Testosterone then enhances
spermatogenesis. 4
FSH LH
Testosterone 3 4 5
Rising level of testosterone
exerts feedback inhibition on the
hypothalamus and pituitary. 5
LH stimulates Testosterone production. Testosterone Levels Increase.
FSH Stimulates Sperm Production. Number of Sperm increase.
For Sperm development to occur the testosterone levels must increase.
Testosterone
Primary and secondary
sex characteristics
Seminiferous
tubule in testis
Supporting cell
FSH and
testosterone
stimulate
sperm
production
Spermatogenic
cells
Spermatogenesis
Negative Feedback when there are too many Sperm.
KEY:
Stimulates
Inhibits

14. Female Anatomy Suspensory ligament of ovary (part of broad ligament)
Infundibulum
Uterine tube
Ovary
Fimbriae
Uterus (fundus)
Uterosacral
ligament
Round ligament
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Rectum
Mons pubis
Cervix
Urethra
Vagina
Clitoris
Anus
Hymen
Labium minus
Greater vestibular gland
Labium majus
(a)

15. Female Anatomy THE Path of the Egg Ovary Uterine Tube Uterus Vagina 12 3
Microscope
follicle 4

16. OVARY Uterine Tube
VAGINA BLADDER
URETHRA UTERUS

17. Figure 16.8b The human female reproductive organs.
Suspensory
ligament of ovary
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Ovarian
blood
vessels
Fundus
of uterus
Lumen (cavity)
of uterus
Ovary
Broad
ligament
Infundibulum
Uterine
tube
Fimbriae
Ovarian ligament
Round ligament of uterus
Body of
uterus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Wall of
uterus
Perimetrium
Ureter
Uterine blood
vessels
Cervical canal
Uterosacral
ligament
Vagina
Cervix
(b)

18. OVARY UTERINE HORN
VAGINA BLADDER
URETHRA
OVARY UTERUS
VAGINA BLADDER
URETHRA

19. Female reproductive system
bladder
ovary
vagina
Urogenital sinus
Uterine horns
Female reproductive system

20. vagina Urogenital sinus URETHRA Female Reproductive Organs bladder
ovary
vagina
Urogenital sinus
URETHRA
Female Reproductive Organs

21. OVARY UTERINE HORN
VAGINA BLADDER
URETHRA
OVARY UTERUS
VAGINA BLADDER
URETHRA

22. (arrested in prophase I; present at birth) Primary follicle
Meiotic Events
Follicle Development
in Ovary
Before birth 2n
Oogonium (stem cell)
Follicle cells
Mitosis
Oocyte 2n
Primary oocyte
Primary
follicle
Growth
Primary oocyte
(arrested in prophase I;
present at birth)
Primary
follicle 2n
Childhood
(ovary inactive)
Monthly from
puberty to menopause
Primary
follicle 2n
Primary oocyte (still
arrested in prophase I)
Growing
follicle
Mature
vesicular
(Graafian)
follicle
Meiosis I (completed by one
primary oocyte each month)
Secondary oocyte
(arrested in
metaphase II)
First polar body n
Ovulation
Sperm
Ovulated
secondary
oocyte
Meiosis II of polar body
(may or may not occur)
Meiosis II completed
(only if sperm
penetration occurs)
Polar bodies
(all polar bodies
degenerate) n n n n
Second
polar body
Ovum

23. Oogenesis:
Ovum Production
Starts in fetal stage
Located in the Ovary
Mitosis of Oogonium: Produces 2 n cells
Meiosis I starts but then stops. Genetic Variation is introduced.
2 million Primary Oocytes
All Primary Oocytes are surrounded by cells forming Primary Follicles that will
remain in Suspended Animation until
Age 10 to 14 years
With the onset of Puberty, every 28 Days a few of the Primary Follicles undergo Meiosis I (finish what was started) and Meiosis II (starts but then stops).
Primary Oocyte becomes Secondary Oocyte
Secondary Oocyte is released by the Ovary.
Meiosis II is completed with fertilization by Sperm.
Fetus 1 2
Suspended Animation
Birth to Puberty 3
Age 10 to 14 years to 50’s 4
4.2 5
5.2
How One cell of 2n DNA becomes One cell of n DNA with 3 Polar Bodies

24. Growing follicles Primary follicle Degenerating corpus luteum Blood
Every 28 Days a few of the Primary Follicles undergo Meiosis I (finish what was started) and Meiosis II (starts but then stops). Primary Oocyte becomes Secondary Oocyte . Secondary Oocyte is released by the Ovary
Growing follicles
Primary follicle
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Blood
vessels
Antrum
Corona
radiata
Mature vesicular
(Graafian) follicle
Germinal
epithelium
Corpus luteum
Developing
corpus luteum
Ruptured
follicle
Ovulation
Secondary oocyte
Figure Sagittal view of a human ovary showing the developmental stages of an ovarian follicle.

25. Figure 16.12a Hormonal interactions of the female cycles.
(a) Fluctuation of gonadotropin levels:
Fluctuating levels of pituitary
gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in the
blood regulate the events of the
ovarian cycle. LH
Plasma hormone level
FSH
Primary follicle stimulated
Day 0
Day 14: Ovulation-release of Secondary OOCYTE from Mature Follicle
Day 28

26. Figure 16.12b Hormonal interactions of the female cycles.
Spike in temperature
(b) Ovarian cycle: Structural changes in
the ovarian follicles during the ovarian cycle
are correlated with (d) changes in the
endometrium of the uterus during the
uterine cycle.
Primary
follicle
Secondary
follicle
Vesicular
follicle
Ovulation
Corpus
luteum
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Follicular
phase
Ovulation
(Day 14)
Luteal
phase
After Ovulation: 24 hour window for fertilization by sperm

27. Day

28. Day 17 Day 14 (a) Zygote (fertilized egg) Zona pellucida Fertilization
Figure 16.16a Cleavage is a rapid series of mitotic divisions that begins with the zygote and ends with the blastocyst.
(a) Zygote
(fertilized egg)
Zona
pellucida
Fertilization
(sperm
meets and
enters egg)
Sperm
Uterine tube
Ovary
Oocyte
(egg)
Day 17
Uterus
Ovulation
Endometrium
Day 14
Cavity of
uterus

29. Figure 16.12c Hormonal interactions of the female cycles.
Preparing the Uterus for the Blastocyst
Day 17: Blastocyst arrives at Uterus
(c) Fluctuation of ovarian hormone
levels: Fluctuating levels of
ovarian hormones (estrogens
and progesterone) cause the
endometrial changes of the
uterine cycle. The high estrogen
levels are also responsible for
the LH/FSH surge in (a).
Plasma hormone level
Estrogens
Progesterone
Day 14: Ovulation-release OOCYTE
Figure 16.12c Hormonal interactions of the female cycles.

30. Day 14: Ovulation-release OOCYTE Day 17: Blastocyst arrives at Uterus
Menstrual Phase Suspended: No Menses
Endometrial
glands
Blood vessels
(d) The three phases of the uterine cycle:
Menstrual: Shedding of the functional
layer of the endometrium.
Proliferative: Rebuilding of the
functional layer of the endometrium.
Secretory: Begins immediately after
ovulation. Enrichment of the blood
supply and glandular secretion of
nutrients prepare the endometrium to
receive an embryo.
Functional layer
Menstrual
flow
Basal layer 1 5 10 15 20 25
28 Days
Menstrual
phase
Proliferative
phase
Secretory
phase
The menstrual and proliferative phases occur
before ovulation, and together correspond to
the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. The
secretory phase corresponds in time to the
luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
Fertilization of Oocyte by Sperm

31. Day 14: Ovulation-release OOCYTE Menstrual Phase occurs: Menses
No Fertilization
Endometrial
glands
Blood vessels
(d) The three phases of the uterine cycle:
Menstrual: Shedding of the functional
layer of the endometrium.
Proliferative: Rebuilding of the
functional layer of the endometrium.
Secretory: Begins immediately after
ovulation. Enrichment of the blood
supply and glandular secretion of
nutrients prepare the endometrium to
receive an embryo.
Functional layer
Menstrual
flow
Basal layer 1 5 10 15 20 25
28 Days
Menstrual
phase
Proliferative
phase
Secretory
phase
The menstrual and proliferative phases occur
before ovulation, and together correspond to
the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. The
secretory phase corresponds in time to the
luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.