1. Cultures in Conflict

2. Native Americans Control the West
By 1850 nearly all Native Americans had been removed from the settled eastern part of Texas.
In West Texas, Native Americans fought to keep settlers from moving westward.
During the Civil War, federal soldiers left Texas to fight, which left settlement vulnerable to Comanches, Kiowas, and other Plains people.
After the Civil War, settlers in West Texas continued to live in constant fear of Raids.
Some settlers abandoned their farms to move east to safety.

3. Native Americans Control the West
To prevent further Native American raids after the Civil War, federal soldiers were stationed in the west at Fredericksburg, Albany, San Angelo, Fort Stockton, Fort Davis, and El Paso.
The army was unable to prevent raids because:
They had very few soldiers and most were untrained.
They had no experience fighting Native Americans.
The forts were built too far apart.
Shortage of supplies and food.

5. Native Americans Control the West
Native Americans knew the land and were skilled fighters.
Comanches usually had the advantage in warfare.
It took 1 minute to reload a pistol or rifle.
In that 1 minute, a Comanche could ride 200 yards and shoot 20 arrows.
Warriors would fire on settlers while they reloaded.
By the 1880s, most Native American warriors carried rifles too.

6. Search for Peace – 1867
Agents from the U.S. government met with Natives in Kansas and signed a peace treaty called the Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek. The Natives agreed to go to the reservations in Oklahoma (Indian Territory) and stop raiding Anglo American settlements.
The government would provide food and supplies but the army would not be allowed on the reservation.
Trail of Tears Continued
Non-violent Quakers were sent by President Grant to help educate the Native Americans.

7. Peace Policy Fails Peace did not come to western Texas.
Many Native American leaders did not sign the treaty, while others claimed that the government had broken its promise by cheating them and treating them poorly.
About one-half of the Comanches and many Kiowas refused to move to the reservations.

8. Peace Policy Fails
Satanta, Lone Wolf, Ten Bears, and Quanah Parker are some of the famous Natives who opposed the white settlements moving into Native land. They also wanted to preserve the buffalo.
They called for war.

9. Peace Policy Ends – 1871
General William Tecumseh Sherman went to West Texas to investigate the Natives raids.
While at Fort Richardson in Jacksboro, Kiowas led by Satanta attacked a wagon train.
This was known as the Warren Wagontrain Raid.

10. Satanta returned to the Indian Reservation and admitted this raid
Satanta returned to the Indian Reservation and admitted this raid. He and two others were arrested. One of the three was killed while trying to escape and the other two were sentenced to be hanged.
Officials in Washington thought that hanging chiefs would start major war. They paroled the two chiefs, and Texans were furious, thus ending the peace policy.
Peace Policy Ends – 1871

11. Mackenzie Leads Texas Campaigns 1871 – 1873
Col. Ranald Mackenzie led operations against the Natives.
He defeated the Comanche in the Panhandle and later the Kiowas along the Rio Grande.
After his operations, Texas was much more peaceful than before.

12. Native Americans Depend on the Buffalo
The culture of the nomadic Plains people depended upon open land, the horse, and buffalo.
The Native Americans who lived on the plains feared that the rapidly increasing number of buffalo hunters would soon end their way of life because they depended on the buffalo for much of their food and many other necessities.

13. Buffalo Herds Are Slaughtered
Charles Rath and brothers John and J. Wright Mooar recognized the value of buffalo hides and developed a market for them.
The slaughter of the buffalo herds began early in the 1870’s, and by the herds north of Texas had been wiped out.
A law was proposed in Texas legislature to protect the buffalo, but it was defeated.
The buffalo hunters left Texas filled with rotting carcasses and white buffalo bones and destroyed the last hopes of the Plains people.
The Native Americans made plans for war.

14. The Attack on Adobe Walls
In June 1874 Quanah Parker led several hundred warriors from 5 Native American nations in an attack on a buffalo hunters’ camp at Adobe Walls.
The Texas settlers defended the camp with the help of buffalo guns designed to fire many shots in a short time.
Frustrated by the failure to take Adobe Walls, the Native Americans increased their attacks on West Texas settlements.
Many Native Americans on the reservations left to join the fighting.

15. Quanah Parker and Cynthia Ann Parker

16. The Red River Campaign
After the Native American uprising, President Grant put the army in charge of Native American affairs in West Texas.
An army of about 3,000 troops moved in on the camps from five different directions.
The first battle of what became known as the Red River campaign was fought in August 1874.
The Texas Rangers also fought in the West.

17. The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon
The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon, on September 28, 1874, was the most decisive battle of the Red River campaign.
The canyon was a favorite campground of many Plains groups.
Colonel Mackenzie and the Fourth Cavalry set fire to the villages there.
In the conflict few lives were lost, but the troops captured 1,424 horses and mules.
Without food, horses and shelter, the Native Americans could not survive long.

18. The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon
By November most of the Native American bands were making their way to the reservations.
The last remaining Comanche bands, the Kwahadies, surrendered in June among them was Quanah Parker.
Quanah Parker continued to represent his people.
He worked as a mediator to settle disputes among nations and fought for Native American rights.

19. Buffalo Soldiers End the Wars
Native Americans called the African American troops “Buffalo Soldiers, “ a title of great respect.
The army recognized their courage.
The buffalo soldiers did not receive equal treatment from the Anglo American settlers.
They were sometimes harassed and abused.

20. Buffalo Soldier-

21. South Texas Renegades
Renegades (outlaws) from both sides of the Rio Grande were robbing and raiding towns and settlements.
Some ranchers took advantage of the lawlessness to expand their lands and cattle, which made it difficult to determine true ownership.
The Texas Rangers were sent to the Rio Grande to establish peace.
The Rangers quickly developed a reputation for ruthlessness as they tracked down cattle thieves.

22. Time of Sadness for Native Americans
For Native Americans this was a time of great sadness.
They would never again roam freely over the land in search of buffalo and were forced to live on reservations.
To prepare them for these new conditions, many young Native Americans were taken from their homes and placed in boarding schools where they had to wear Anglo clothing, cut their long hair, and speak only English.

23. Time of Sadness for Native Americans
War, disease, and starvation killed many Native Americans during the late 1800s.
By 1875, only 1,597 Comanches remained, when just a few years earlier there had been thousands.
For Anglos, it meant a time to expand and grow.