1. United States History Mrs. O’Shea
Industrial Expansion
United States History
Mrs. O’Shea

2. Economic Growth p
Shortage of labor = efficient, labor saving machinery
“Dramatic changes in productivity”
High tariffs placed on foreign products
Electric Power
Transportation improvements
Communication improvements
Scientific Process – research

3. Transcontinental Railroad
Pacific Railway Act – 1862
Union Pacific and Central Pacific met Promontory Point, Utah
Financed by federal land grants and selling of railroad bonds

5. Technological Revolution
Electricity Improvements
Oil – drilling
Railroads Improvements
Telegraph
Telephone
Steel

7. Social Darwinism Charles Darwin – survival of the fittest
Social Darwinism – apply Darwin’s ideas to society
“Fit” = succeed and become rich = Employers
“Weak” = Employees

8. Laissez-Faire – let do
“the functions of the state should be limited to internal police and foreign protection — no public education, no limitation of hours of labor, no welfare legislation.”
Spencer, who published Social Statistics in 1865, also included the Darwinian principle of survival of the fittest to his dog-eat-dog ideology
Does this go along with the ideas behind social Darwinism?

9. Monopoly vs. Oligopoly
Oligopoly – market dominated by a few large, profitable companies
Examples:
Breakfast Cereals
Cars
Monopoly – market dominated by one company
Apple
Microsoft

10. Robber Barons or Captains of Industry
cruel and ruthless businessmen who would stop at nothing to achieve great wealth
accused of exploiting workers and forcing horrible working conditions and unfair labor practices upon them
Captain of Industry
ingenious leaders who transformed American economy with their business skills
praised for their philanthropy (charity)

11. What do you think? Carnegie – Rockefeller – Captain of Industry
Robber Baron
Carnegie –
Rockefeller –

18. Unions Became a means for expressing workers’ demands to employers
Shorter work hours
Higher wages
Better working conditions

19. Labor Unrest:

20. Collective Bargaining – negotiate as a group (power in numbers)
Scabs – workers called in to replace striking workers

21. Employers Reactions Forbidding union meetings Firing union organizers
Yellow dog contracts – I will not participate in union activities
Refusing collective bargaining
Refusing to recognize union representatives

22. European Immigrants Came through Ellis Island
– 17 million immigrants were processed

23. Physical and Mental Test

24. Asian Immigrants
Angel Island
– 50,000 Chinese Immigrants

25. Tenement Slum Living

26. Tenement Life Run down buildings
Overcrowded- An entire family living in one room; multiple families living on the same floor
Little light or ventilation
Horrible sanitation: No garbage pick-up; no plumbing, smelly
Conditions caused disease that was easily spread

27. Dumbbell Tenement

29. Triangle Shirtwaist Co. Fire
1911- New York City, 10-story building
Doors locked from the outside
One fire escape- rusted and collapsed
Workers jumped to their deaths or perished in the smoke and flames
146 workers died

30. Against big business or monopolies
1, 3, 9
Effects of distribution of wealth
2, 7, 8, 6
Support of Business – Support of Social Darwinism
4, 5

31. Muckrakers
Derogatory name: “earn their livelihood by telling scandalous falsehoods about honest men”
Many brought attention to tragic truth:
Living conditions
Working conditions
Business Practices
Child Labor
Conditions of food processing factories
Corruption in government
Prison Conditions

32. Chicago Meat Inspectors 1906
Federal Reform
Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act (Roosevelt influenced by the Jungle)
Constitutional Amendments
16th = Federal income taxes
17th = Direct election of senators
18th = Abolition of alcohol
Chicago Meat Inspectors 1906

33. City (Municipal) Reforms established public health programs enforced tenement codes took over utilities services (gas, water, electricity) provided free kindergarten
State Reforms
reformed election process – held primary elections
developed workers’ accident insurance and compensation
abolished child labor
set minimum wages
Federal Reforms
Broke up trusts
Developed Interstate Commerce Commission
Pure Food and Drug Act
Established a Department of Labor
Established the U.S. Forest Service - set aside land for National Parks
16th, 17th and 18th Amendments

34. Beginnings of the Suffrage Movement
First formally demanded right to vote at Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Not allowed to vote
Husbands had legal power over their wives
Working women paid only a fraction of what men earned
Women had no means to gain an education since no college would accept women students
Women were robbed of their self-confidence and self-respect, and were made totally dependent on men

35. Anti-Suffrage Movement

37. Nineteenth Amendment
1920
Extended the right to vote to women