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Cells: Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
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Cells have evolved two different architectures:
Prokaryote “style” Small and Simple Evolved before eukaryotes Eukaryote “style” More complicated and larger Evolved from prokaryotes
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Prokaryote cells are smaller and simpler
Commonly known as bacteria Very small Single-celled(unicellular) or Filamentous (strings of single cells)
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These are prokaryote E. coli bacteria on the head of a steel pin.
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Prokaryote cells are simply built (example: E. coli)
capsule: slimy outer coating cell wall: tougher middle layer cell membrane: delicate inner skin
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Prokaryote cells are simply built (example: E. coli)
cytoplasm: inner liquid filling DNA in one big loop pilli: for sticking to things flagella: for swimming ribosomes: for building proteins
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Eukaryotes are bigger and more complicated
Have organelles Have chromosomes in a nucleus. can be multicellular with different types of cells in one organism include animal and plant cells
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What makes organelles an advantage?
Cells can do many jobs at one time. Many organelles are made of folded membranes. The more membrane = more chemical reactions Membrane bound organelles help protect important parts of the cell.
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Advantages of each kind of cell architecture
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes simple and easy to grow can specialize fast reproduction multicellularity all the same can build large bodies
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Exit Ticket Compare and Contrast the structure of prokaryotes with eukaryotes (at least 3 similarities and differences) What’s are the advantages to being a prokaryote? Eukaryote? What makes having organelles an advantage?
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Organelles are membrane-bound cell parts
Mini “organs” that have unique structures and functions Located in cytoplasm
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Cell Structures Cell membrane
Controls what enters and exits the cell = gate keeper Used in cellular communication
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Nucleus a membrane-bound sac evolved to store the cell’s chromosomes(DNA) Tells the cell what to do = brain of the cell
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Nucleolus inside nucleus location of ribosome factory made or RNA
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mitochondrion makes the cell’s energy
the more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it has
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Ribosomes build proteins from amino acids in cytoplasm may be free- floating, or may be attached to ER made of RNA
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Endoplasmic reticulum
may be smooth: builds lipids and carbohydrates may be rough: stores proteins made by attached ribosomes
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Golgi Complex takes in sacs of raw material from ER
sends out sacs containing finished cell products Cell postal service
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Lysosomes sacs filled with digestive enzymes digest worn out cell parts digest food absorbed by cell
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Centrioles pair of bundled tubes organize cell division
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Cytoskeleton made of microtubules found throughout cytoplasm
gives shape to cell & moves organelles around inside.
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Structures found in plant cells
Cell wall very strong made of cellulose protects cell from rupturing glued to other cells next door plant bones
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Vacuole huge water- filled sac keeps cell pressurized stores starch
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Chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll turn solar energy into food energy
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How are plant and animal cells similar & different?
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Structure Animal cells Plant cells cell membrane Yes yes nucleus nucleolus ribosomes ER Golgi centrioles no cell wall mitochondria cholorplasts One big vacuole cytoskeleton
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Examples of specialized euk. cells
liver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen.
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sperm cell: specialized to deliver DNA to egg cell
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Mesophyll cell specialize d to capture as much light as possible inside a leaf
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Flagellum/flagella large whiplike tail
pushes or pulls cell through water can be single, or a pair
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Cilia fine, hairlike extensions attached to cell membrane
beat in unison
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