1. DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
Subtitle

2. 10.1 Discovery of DNA

3. 10.2 DNA Structure LEARNING TARGETS I will be able to:
Evaluate the contributions of Franklin and Wilkins in helping Watson and Crick discover DNA’s double helix structure
Describe the 3 parts of a nucleotide
Relate the role of base-pairing rules to the structure of DNA

4. Rosalind Franklin

5. Rosalind Franklin
Took the first ever picture of DNA using x-ray diffraction
This information was then used by Watson and Crick

6. James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)
Watson (American) & Crick (British)
2. Watson and Crick developed the structure of DNA as a double helix
Looks like a twisting staircase

7. James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)
Looks like a twisting staircase
a. The shape of DNA is a double helix

8. DNA Nucleotides Nucleotides are the building blocks (monomers) of ………?
A. proteins
B. lipids
C. carbohydrates
D. nucleic acids

9. DNA Nucleotides Nucleotides are the building blocks (monomers) of ………?
NUCLEIC ACIDS!!!!!!!!!!!
If answered correctly… =3GwjfUFyY6M

10. DNA Nucleotides (3 parts)
Made up of 3 parts:
Phosphate group

11. DNA Nucleotides (3 parts)
Made up of 3 parts:
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose sugar

12. DNA Nucleotides (3 parts)
Made up of 3 parts:
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogen base

13. DNA Nucleotides (3 parts)
Sugar and phosphate groups are identical in all nucleotides
Bases are different

14. DNA Nucleotides (3 parts)
Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate make up the “backbone” of DNA
Sides of the ladder (yellow)

15. DNA Nucleotides (3 parts)
Nitrogen bases make up the middle of DNA
Rungs of the ladder (multicolor)

16. Nitrogenous Bases (4 types)
T - Thymine
C - Cytosine

17. Nitrogenous Bases (4 types)
G - Guanine
A - Adenine

19. Erwin Chargaff (1949)
American biochemist
Noticed that amount of A = amount of T
Amount of C = amount of G

20. Base-Pairing Rules
C always pairs with G
A always pairs with T
These are complementary bases
connected by hydrogen bonds

21. Base-Pairing Rules

22. Base-Pairing Rules

23. 10.3 DNA Replication

24. 10.3 DNA Replication LEARNING TARGETS I will be able to:
Summarize the process of DNA replication
Identify the role of enzymes if the replication of DNA
Describe how complementary base pairing guides DNA replication
Describe mutations that occur during DNA replication

25. 10.3 DNA Replication

26. DNA Replication
Amount of DNA is doubled in preparation for cell division

27. DNA Replication – 3 Steps
One DNA strand is separated into two strands
a. Helicase – enzyme that separate DNA strands

28. DNA Replication – 3 Steps
Almost like using a zipper on a jacket
b. replication fork - Y shaped region where strands are being separated

29. DNA Replication – 3 Steps
Complementary bases are added to new strands
What gets added to A?
What gets added to C?

30. DNA Replication – 3 Steps
DNA polymerase – enzyme that adds nucleotides to new strands

31. DNA Replication – 3 Steps
d. DNA has 5’ end and 3’ end e. DNA polymerase always works from 5’ to 3’

32. DNA Replication – 3 Steps
f. Leading strand – where DNA polymerase works toward split in DNA g. Lagging strand – where DNA polymerase works away from split in DNA

33. DNA Replication – 3 Steps
DNA polymerase falls off
Forms two new strands

34. Mutations
Mutation – change in nucleotide sequence of DNA

35. Mutations
Addition – nucleotide is added to the sequence

36. Mutations
Deletion – one nucleotide is removed from sequence

37. Mutations
Substitution – one nucleotide is exchanged for another

38. What is the enzyme responsible for splitting DNA apart?
Front door left: DNA polymerase Front door right: RNA polymerase Back right corner: helicase Back left corner: peptase

39. What is the mutation called when you add a nucleotide (letter?
Front door left: addition Front door right: deletion Back right corner: substitution Back left corner: transfiguration

40. 10.4 Protein Synthesis

41. 10.4 Protein Synthesis LEARNING TARGETS: I will be able to:
Outline the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein
Compare the structures of DNA and RNA
Summarize the process of transcription
Compare the role of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
Identify the importance of learning about the human genome

42. 10.4 Protein Synthesis

43. Protein Synthesis Overview
Consists of transcription and translation
Transcription – DNA  mRNA (happens in nucleus)

44. Protein Synthesis Overview
Consists of transcription and translation
Translation – mRNA  amino acids (happens on ribosome)

45. RNA Structure single helix Ribose sugar, not deoxyribose sugar
Has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
U-A and C-G base pairing

46. 2 Types of RNA mRNA – messenger RNA
Takes info from DNA in nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm

47. 2 Types of RNA tRNA – transfer RNA
Transfers amino acids during translation
Aka “anticodon”

48. Transcription Steps
RNA polymerase attaches to START

49. Transcription Steps
DNA unwinds

50. Transcription Steps RNA polymerase adds complementary bases
Complementary mRNA is formed!

51. Transcription Steps
#1 on back of notes DNA: TAC CGT ATC mRNA: ?????

52. Transcription Steps
#1 on back of notes DNA: TAC CGT ATC mRNA: AUG GCA UAG

53. Genetic Code
Explains how a sequence of bases creates a specific amino acid

54. Genetic Code 3 nucleotides code for a specific amino acid
Codon – a 3 nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for an amino acid

55. Codon Table

56. Codon Table

57. Translation Steps
mRNA attaches to rRNA of ribosome

58. Translation Steps 2. tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome
Don’t forget that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins!
Anticodon on tRNA starts the translation process

59. Translation Steps
Codon = CGA
Anticodon = GCU

60. Translation Steps
Amino acids form bond together
tRNA leaves

61. Translation Steps STOP codon reached and translation stops
Ribosome leaves and protein forms

62. Translation Steps
#3 on back of notes mRNA = AUG GCA UAG Amino acids = ??????

63. Translation Steps
#3 on back of notes mRNA = AUG GCA UAG Amino acids = start alanine stop

64. Translation Steps
#5 on back of notes mRNA = AUG GCA UAG Anticodons = ?????????

65. Translation Steps
#5 on back of notes mRNA = AUG GCA UAG Anticodons = UAC CGU AUC

66. Translation Steps

67. Translation Steps
If DNA strand = TAC CGA GAT ATT What would be the complementary mRNA strand? What would be the amino acids formed? What would be the anti-codons?

68. Human Genome
We’ve figured out the order of 3.2 billion base pairs in the 23 human chromosomes!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
About 30,000 genes in human genome
Can help find genes responsible for specific diseases