1. Insan ka Mansb - e - Khilafat Status of Man By Muhammad Ali Khan Insan ka Mansb - e - Khilafat Status of Man By Muhammad Ali Khan 1 1

2. Themes Dignity of Man Concept of Khalaifa and Naib Humanity Recognizing its role Silent Features Rationales of Khalafat 2

3. Concept 3 Five Dimensions of Status Human - Insan Fit of The Fittest-Ashraf-ul-Makhloqat Vicegerent -(Socio-Religious) Khalifa (Political) Only of Adam (Baqra-30) To Messangers /Daud ( Suaad 26) Nation by Nation ( Noor-55) All Human beings (Ibn-Kaser+Moudodi) Aadmi (Biological) 3

4. And when thy Lord said unto the angels: Lo! I am about to place a viceroy in the earth, they said: Wilt thou place therein one who will do harm therein and will shed blood, while we, we hymn Thy praise and sanctify Thee? He said: Surely I know that which ye know not اور ( وہ وقت یاد کرنے کے قابل ہے ) جب تمہارے پروردگار نے فرشتوں سے فرمایا کہ میں زمین میں ( اپنا ) نائب بنانے والا ہوں۔ انہوں نے کہا۔ کیا تُو اس میں ایسے شخص کو نائب بنانا چاہتا ہے جو خرابیاں کرے اور کشت وخون کرتا پھرے اور ہم تیری تعریف کے ساتھ تسبیح وتقدیس کرتے رہتے ہیں۔ ( خدا نے ) فرمایا میں وہ باتیں جانتا ہوں جو تم نہیں جانتے 4

5. (And it was said unto him): O David! Lo! We have set thee as a viceroy in the earth; therefor judge aright between mankind, and follow not desire that it beguile thee from the way of Allah. Lo! those who wander from the way of Allah have an awful doom, forasmuch as they forgot the Day of Reckoning. اے داؤد ہم نے تم کو زمین میں بادشاہ بنایا ہے تو لوگوں میں انصاف کے فیصلے کیا کرو اور خواہش کی پیروی نہ کرنا کہ وہ تمہیں خدا کے رستے سے بھٹکا دے گی۔ جو لوگ خدا کے رستے سے بھٹکتے ہیں ان کے لئے سخت عذاب ( تیار ) ہے کہ انہوں نے حساب کے دن کو بھلا دیا 5

6. He it is Who hath placed you as viceroys of the earth and hath exalted some of you in rank above others, that He may try you by (the test of) that which He hath given you. Lo! Thy Lord is swift in prosecution, and Lo! He verily is Forgiving, Merciful. (Al-Inaam 165) اور وہی تو ہے جس نے زمین میں تم کو اپنا نائب بنایا اور ایک کے دوسرے پر درجے بلند کئے تاکہ جو کچھ اس نے تمہیں بخشا ہے اس میں تمہاری آزمائش ہے بےشک تمہارا پروردگار جلد عذاب دینے والا ہے اور بےشک وہ بخشنے والا مہربان بھی ہے 6

7. Marvel ye that there should come unto you a Reminder from your Lord by means of a man among you, that he may warn you? Remember how He made you viceroys after Noah's folk, and gave you growth of stature. Remember (all) the bounties of your Lord, that haply ye may be successful. (Al-Aaraf-69) کیا تم کو اس بات سے تعجب ہوا ہے کہ تم میں سے ایک شخص کے ہاتھ تمہارے پروردگار کی طرف سے تمہارے پاس نصیحت آئی تاکہ وہ تمہیں ڈرائے اور یاد کرو تو کرو جب اس نے تم کو قوم نوح کے بعد سردار بنایا۔ اور تم کو پھیلاؤ زیادہ دیا۔ پس خدا کی نعمتوں کو یاد کرو۔ تاکہ نجات حاصل کرو 7

8. They said: We suffered hurt before thou camest unto us, and since thou hast come unto us. He said: It may be that your Lord is going to destroy your adversary and make you viceroys in the earth, that He may see how ye behave.(Aaraf-129) وہ بولے کہ تمہارے آنے سے پہلے بھی ہم کو اذیتیں پہنچتی رہیں اور آنے کے بعد بھی۔ موسیٰ نے کہا کہ قریب ہے کہ تمہارا پروردگار تمہارے دشمن کو ہلاک کردے اور اس کی جگہ تمہیں زمین میں خلیفہ بنائے پھر دیکھے کہ تم کیسے عمل کرتے ہو 8

9. The word(s) "viceroy" appears 10 time(s) in 10 verse(s) in Quran in Muhammad Pickthals translation Khalafat k Taqazay 9

10. (1) And when thy Lord said unto the angels: Lo! I am about to place a viceroy in the earth, they said: Wilt thou place therein one who will do harm therein and will shed blood, while we, we hymn Thy praise and sanctify Thee? He said: Surely I know that which ye know not. ( سورة البقرة, Al-Baqara, Chapter #2, Verse #30) (2) He it is Who hath placed you as viceroys of the earth and hath exalted some of you in rank above others, that He may try you by (the test of) that which He hath given you. Lo! Thy Lord is swift in trial, and Lo! He verily is Forgiving, Merciful. ( سورة الأنعام Al-Anaam, Chapter #6, Verse #165) (3) Marvel ye that there should come unto you a Reminder from your Lord by means of a man among you, that he may warn you? Remember how He made you viceroys after Noah's folk, and gave you growth of stature. Remember (all) the bounties of your Lord, that haply ye may be successful. ( سورة الأعراف Al-Araf, Chapter #7, Verse #69) (4) And remember how He made you viceroys after A'ad and gave you station in the earth. Ye choose castles in the plains and hew the mountains into dwellings. So remember (all) the bounties of Allah and do not evil, making mischief in the earth.( سورة الأعراف Al-Araf, Chapter #7, Verse #74) 10

11. (5) They said: We suffered hurt before thou camest unto us, and since thou hast come unto us. He said: It may be that your Lord is going to destroy your adversary and make you viceroys in the earth, that He may see how ye behave. ( سورة الأعراف, Al-Araf, Chapter #7, Verse #129) (6) Then We appointed you viceroys in the earth after them, that We might see how ye behave. ( سورة يونس, Yunus, Chapter #10, Verse #14) (7) But they denied him, so We saved him and those with him in the ship, and made them viceroys (in the earth), while We drowned those who denied Our revelations. See then the nature of the consequence for those who had been warned. ( سورة يونس Yunus, Chapter #10, Verse #73) 11

12. (8) Is not He (best) Who answered the wronged one when he cried unto Him and removed the evil, and hath made you viceroys of the earth? Is there any Allah beside Allah? Little do they reflect! ( سورة النمل, An-Naml, Chapter #27, Verse #62) (9) (And it was said unto him): O David! Lo! We have set thee as a viceroy in the earth; therefor judge aright between mankind, and follow not desire that it beguile thee from the way of Allah. Lo! those who wander from the way of Allah have an awful doom, forasmuch as they forgot the Day of Reckoning. ( سورة ص, Sad, Chapter #38, Verse #26) (10) And had We willed We could have set among you angels to be viceroys in the earth. ( سورة الزخرف Az-Zukhruf, Chapter #43, Verse #60) 12

13. 1. Vicegerency (Khilafah): The human being, in the Islamic world-view is considered a vicegerent (khalifah). This vicegerency is declared before the creation of the first human being: It is He Who has made you (His) vicegerents, inheritors of the earth: He has raised you in ranks, some above others: that He may try you in the gifts He has given you: for your Lord is quick in punishment: yet He is indeed Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful. (Quran, 6:165) On the other hand, this vicegerency is subjected to observation: Then We made you heirs in the land after them, to see how you would behave! (Quran, 10:14 ) 13

14. Status of man (Insan ka Maqam) 14 1) Establishment of status before creation 2) Intension of Creation by Allah 3) High Ranke given after Creation 4) Advocacy of Human by Allah 5) Distinction in Creation_Created by Hands of Allah (Suaad-75) 6) Created as Fit of the Fitness/Ahsan-e-Taqweem 7) Superiority of Knowledge 8) Prostration of Angels but Iblees 14

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16. Cont…. 16 8. Creation of Iblees when he disobey to prostrate Adam 9. Heaven,first Residence /Dwelling Place 10. Everything is created for him 11. Everything created is given in mans ownership 12. Created man with Choices (Aaraf 10) 13. Respect given to man by Allah (Maaida 32),Due respect ought to be paid to humanity 14. Tauheed, to avoid any negativity 15. Equality- ???????? 16

17. Features of the status Khalafat/Naib/Vicegerent 17 Relationship between Allah and Human To check how human being behave Knowledge was given to assist human being If they follow the Path of Allah, surrender to His Divine Law, they prepare themselves to be His Servants. Sovereignty lies with Allah and all Powers are trust Quran as Supreme Law Accountable to Allah for the Powers given on Earth No Absolute Rule, Rule given for limited time span 17

18. Requirements of the status In her/his capacity as a vicegerent, the human being is perceived as the trustee of the earth. She/he is not supposed to cause corruption in any form on earth (i.e. the environment). Life on earth entails great responsibilities. It is a test with accountability. It is followed by either reward or punishment. These meanings are mentioned in the Quran and the Sunnah

19. Conclusion Tawhid constitutes the ideological foundation of Islam, Khilafah (vicegerency) provides the operational framework for the Islamic scheme of life The role and status of vicegerency is conferred upon the human shared by man and woman alike but their roles differ This lays the foundations of their essential equality as human beings, as vicegerents of Allah on the earth, whatever their different roles in society may be 19

20. Points, to Ponder Over ! There is a declaration of the potentialities that man has the power to mischief as the angels perceived The angels cannot be disobedient to Allah, but they question the wisdom of sending Adam to the Earth Man has the ability to destroy and fight The wisdom of creating a vicegerent on earth lies in Allah's Knowledge. "I know what ye know not". Therefore, the angels fell down in obeisance: 20

21. Cont…. Both Satan and Human (First) were given the power to obey or disobey the Divine Law ? Adam may fall in mistakes out of ignorance and limited knowledge ? Satan disobeys God's directions out of arrogance and limited knowledge ? He does not accept to be mistaken and his role is to prove that he is right ? He challenges the Power of Truth by illusions ? 21

22. Past Papers What does Caliphate mean? Enumerate its salient features. (2000) How does Islam regard humanity? What is the concept of Khalafat in Islam? (2001) Define the religion of Islam. Explain also the idea and place of humanity in Islam. (2003) The most important issue of humanity is the recognition of the role and privileges of a man. Discuss how Islam may play a role in this regard in today's scenario. (2010) What is Human Dignity? Explain how Islam recognized it and what efforts have been adopted to maintain the superiority of man?2013

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25. Equality Satan caused them both Adam and Eve to deflect therefrom. Both were held responsible for the act, both repented their transgression and both were forgiven They entered the world without any stigma of original sin on their soul. Human nature is pure and good. Man has been created in the best of all forms. [Q 95:4] Man and woman are made from the same substance Every one is born in a state of purity and innocence Success or failure depends entirely on ones own beliefs and behavior. [Q 95:5-6; 103:2-3] No one is to be responsible for the shortcomings of others. [Q 6:195] 25