1. The Work of Gregor Mendel 11-1

2. Transmission of characteristics from _______________________is called ___________________.
The _________ that studies _____ those
characteristics are _________ from one
generation to the next is called
___________________
parents to offspring
heredity
how
SCIENCE
passed on
Genetics

3. Gregor Mendel The __________________ is _________________,
The __________________ is _________________,
a monk whose _________ of genetic traits was the beginning of our _________________ about _____________________.
Father of Genetics
Gregor Mendel
study
understanding
how genes work

4. _______ part of flower makes ___________ (sperm)
Mendel designed
____________ using
__________ in the
monastery garden
_______ part of flower makes
___________ (sperm)
__________ part of flower makes
_______ cells
experiments
Pea plants
MALE
Pollen
FEMALE
egg

5. In pea plants, the pollen normally joins with an egg from the _______ plant (=_______________ ) so seeds have “_________________”
same
Self pollinating
ONE parent

6. MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS
Mendel started his experiments with peas that were _________________
= if allowed to
_________________
they would produce
____________________
to themselves.
true breeding
self pollinate
offspring identical

7. A _____________________ is called a ____________
Mendel ______________ in peas.
specific characteristic
trait
studied 7 traits
Pearson Education Inc,; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

8. MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS
removed pollen
Mendel ____________________
making parts and ____________
from _______ plant.
This allowed him to
_____________ plants
with ______________
characteristics and
________ the results
added pollen
another
cross-breed
different
study

10. ____ generation (_________) ____ generation (______= offspring)
MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS P1
____ generation (_________)
____ generation
(______= offspring)
___ generation
parental F1
filial F2

11. Principles of Dominance
Section 11-1
P Generation
F1 Generation
F2 Generation
Tall
Short
Tall
Tall
Tall
Tall
Tall
Short

12. Principles of Dominance
Section 11-1
P Generation
F1 Generation
F2 Generation
Tall
Short
Tall
Tall
Tall
Tall
Tall
Short

13. Principles of Dominance
Section 11-1
P Generation
F1 Generation
F2 Generation
Tall
Short
Tall
Tall
Tall
Tall
Tall
Short

14. crossed PURE
When Mendel ______________ PLANTS with 2 ______________ traits: (EX: Tall crossed with short)
He always found same pattern:
1. ONLY ______ trait ____________
in the ____ generation BUT . . .
2. ___________ trait ____________ in
the ____ generation
in a _________ ratio
contrasting
ONE showed F1
Missing returned F2
3:1

15. PATTERNS ARE THE KEY
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16. __________ must be able to _______ the other. pair of FACTORS control
Mendel decided that there must be a __________________ that ________each trait and that
__________ must be able to _______ the other.
pair of FACTORS
control
one factor
HIDE

17. We now know that Mendel’s ________________ carried on
the pair of________________
_________________
factors are genes
homologous
chromosomes

18. trait are called ___________.
________ gene
_______ for a
trait are called ___________.
DIFFERENT
CHOICES
ALLELES

19. DOMINANT HIDES RECESSIVE is hidden by
__________________ = An allele that ________ the presence of another allele
__________________ = An allele that __________________ the
presence of another allele
HIDES
RECESSIVE
is hidden by

20. Dominant Recessive
No Hitchhikers thumb
Hitchhikers thumb

21. Dominant Recessive
Dwarfism
Norman Growth

22. The pattern corresponds to the ____________ of ______________ during
Why did the recessive trait disappear in the F1 generation and reappear in the F2?
The pattern corresponds
to the ____________ of
______________ during
____________________
movement
chromosomes
MEIOSIS
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23. WHAT DOES MEIOSIS HAVE TO DO WITH IT?

24. REMEMBER SEGREGATION _____________ chromosomes ________________ during
ANAPHASE I
= _________________
HOMOLOGOUS
SEPARATE
SEGREGATION
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25. F1 received carrying shortness
____ offspring __________ an allele for tallness from their _______ parent and an allele for shortness from their ________ parent.
The F1 plants ALL ___________ but are ___________ an allele for _____________
F received
TALL
SHORT
LOOK TALL
carrying
shortness
Images from: BIOLOGY by Miller & Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006

26. made gametes reappears EXPLAINING the F1 CROSS
LAW OF ___________________
SEGREGATION
alleles are separated
when the F1 plants ______________
When these gametes recombined to make the F2 generation, the _____________ trait _______________ in ¼ of the offspring
made gametes
recessive
reappears
Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller & Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006

27. DOMINANT/RECESSIVE T t capital Dominant Recessive lower-case
_____________ allele is represented by a ____________ letter. (usually the first letter of the trait)
____________ allele is represented by the SAME
_________________ letter.
EX: Tall = ______
Short =______
capital
Recessive
lower-case T t
NOT S for short

28. HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS
When both alleles in the pair are the _______, the organism is _______________ or __________
EX: ____ or ___
When both alleles in the pair are _____________, the organism is
_________________ or _____________
Ex: ____
SAME
HOMOZYGOUS PURE
TT tt
DIFFERENT
HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID Tt

29. PHENOTYPE/GENOTYPE
The ________________ of an organism is its _____________
The ____________of an organism is
its _____________
genetic makeup
GENOTYPE
appearance
PHENOTYPE

30. MAKING A CROSS for only a __________ trait = ____________________
ONE GENE
MONOHYBRID CROSS
A Punnett square for a MONOHYBRID CROSS looks like this:

31. PUNNETT SQUARES
are used to show possible offspring from a cross between 2 parents
_______________ go at
top and on left side
Boxes show ____________ ___________________
Parent alleles
T T T t
possible offspring combinations

32. STEPS FOR MAKING CROSSES
Figure out parent alleles
Choose Punnett size
Put in parent gametes
Fill in offspring combinations
probabilities phenotypes genotypes
1. ___________ what _________________ are
2. ________correct__________ square __________
3. ______ possible_______________________
4. ______ boxes with _____________________
5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________

33. T t TALL = ____ SHORT = ____ IN PEA PLANTS Tall is dominant over short
LET’S MAKE A CROSS!
PURE TALL PURE SHORT X

34. PURE TALL parent What are the parent alleles?
T T _________
HOMOZYGOUS  
What gametes
can it make? T T

35. PURE SHORT parent What are the parent alleles?
t t _________
HOMOZYGOUS  
What gametes
can it make? t t

36. T t T t T t T t T t ALL _____ of the offspring ____ % ___/4 will be
100 4
T t
T t Tt
TALL
GENOTYPE _____ PHENOTYPE _______

37. HYBRID TALL parent What are the parent alleles?
T t _________
HETEROZYGOUS  
What gametes
can it make? T t

38. T t T t T t T T T t t t GENOTYPES ¼ = _____ ½ = _____ TT Tt tt 3/4 75
TALL
PHENOTYPES ____ or ____% _________
____ or ____% _________
1/4 25
SHORT

39. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a MONOHYBRID CROSS
Tall = ____ Round seeds = ___
Short = ____ Wrinkled seeds = ___ T t r

40. What are the possible gametes?
Homozygous Tall parent =
What gametes can it produce?
T T   T T

41. What are the possible gametes?
PURE wrinkled parent =
What gametes can it produce? rr   r r

42. What are the possible gametes?
Heterozygous Round parent =
What gametes can it produce?
R r   R r

43. What are the possible gametes?
Hybrid Tall parent =
What gametes can it produce? Tt   T t

44. Section 10.2 Read section 10.2 to review making monohybrid crosses
Complete Practice 1and practice 2

45. O T T F F S S E __
What comes next?

46. It’s EASY if you know the PATTERN! (Just like Punnett Squares)9
NINE
O T T F F S S E __ I V E X
EVEN
IGHT N E W O H R E O U R

47. PROBABILITY & PUNNETT SQUARES 11-2

48. Tossing Coins
If you toss a coin, what is the probability of getting heads? Tails?
If you toss a coin 10 times, how many heads and how many tails would you expect to get?
Working with a partner, have one person toss a coin 10 times, tally the number of times you get heads/tails then switch

49. Results will vary, but should be close to 5 heads and 5 tails.
Assuming that you expect 5 heads and 5 tails in 10 tosses, how do the results of your tosses compare? How about the results of your partner’s tosses? How close was each set of results to what was expected?
Add your results to those of your partner to produce a total of 20 tosses. Assuming that you expect 10 heads and 10 tails in 20 tosses, how close are these results to what was expected?
If you compiled the results for the whole class, what results would you expect?
How do the expected results differ from the observed results?
Results will vary, but should be close to 5 heads and 5 tails.
The results for 20 tosses may be closer to the predicted 10 heads and 10 tails.
The results for the entire class should be even closer to the number predicted by the rules of probability.
The observed results are usually slightly different from the expected results.

50. PROBABILITY
____________________ is the __________ that a particular _________________
likelihood
event will occur
It can be written as a:
Fraction ____
Percent ____
Ratio ____
1/4
25%
1:3

51. COIN FLIP 1/2 50% 1:1 There are 2 possible outcomes: HEADS TAILS
COIN FLIP
There are 2 possible outcomes:
HEADS TAILS
The chance the coin will land on either one is:
____ ____ ____
Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip. . . So can use probability to predict outcomes of genetic crosses.
1/2
50%
1:1

52. PROBABILITIES _____ outcomes ______ affect _________ones
_____________works ______ in ___________ a ________ number of events.
PAST
DON’T
FUTURE
If last coin flip was heads… there is still a 50/50 chance the next flip will be heads too.
Probability
predicting
best
large
The more flips. . . The closer results will be to
the expected 50:50 average.

53. DIHYBRID CROSSES (2 traits)

54. Mendel also asked the question?
Does the gene that determines if a seed
is round or wrinkled have anything to
do with the gene for seed shape?
Must a seed that is yellow
also be round?

55. MAKING A CROSS with ___________________= ____________________
TWO gene traits
DIHYBRID CROSS
A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this:

56. Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas
Section 11-3

57. LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS
HOMOZYGOUS
YELLOW ROUND
HOMOZYGOUS
GREEN WRINKLED
rryy
RRYY
1. ___________ what _________________ are
2. ________correct__________ square __________
3. ______ possible_______________________
4. ______ boxes with _____________________
5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________
Figure out parent alleles
Choose Punnett size
Put in parent gametes
Fill in offspring combinations
probabilities phenotypes genotypes

58. LAW OF __________________________
the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
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59. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW
Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene
R R Y Y
R Y
R Y
R Y
R Y
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

60. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene
HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN
r r y y
r y
r y
r y
r y
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

61. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW
Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene
R r Y y
R Y
r y
r Y
R y
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

62. RY RrYy ROUND YELLOW ry 100% of offspring = _______ genotype
RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
RrYy
100% of offspring = _______ genotype
_______________________ phenotype
ROUND YELLOW

63. X R r Y y R r Y y MAKE ANOTHER CROSS HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW

64. POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES?RY ry rY Ry

65. heterozygous dihybrid 9:3:3:1RY Ry rY ry
____ Round & Yellow
____ Round & green
____ Wrinkled & yellow
____ wrinkled & green 9 RY Ry rY ry
RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy 3 3 1
heterozygous dihybrid
Sign of a ______________________ cross is a
_____________ ratio in offspring.
9:3:3:1

66. __________ratio is a clue that it’s a 9
____ ____________ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2
____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2
____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2
dominant dominant 3
dominant recessive 3
recessive dominant 1
recessive recessive
__________ratio is a clue that it’s a
____________________________cross
9:3:3:1
HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene

67. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES

68. What are the possible gametes?
R R T T
pure round & pure tall = __________
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?    
R T
R T
R T
R T

69. What are the possible gametes?
T t R R
Heterozygous Tall = __________
& pure round
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?    
T R
t R
t R
T R

70. What are the possible gametes?
T t r r
Hybrid tall = __________
& pure wrinkled
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?    
T r
t r
t r
T r

71. What are the possible gametes?
T t R r
Heterozygous tall = __________
& hybrid round
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?    
T R
t r
t R
T r

72. Section 11.1 Read section 11.1 as a review
Complete Practice 1 and Practice 2

73. Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3

74. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought
ENVIRONMENT influences
____________________________ the ________________________.
= ________________________
Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions.
expression of genes
“Nature vs Nurture”
provide plan
depends environmental

75. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought
Some traits have ____________ allele __________
= ____________________
EX: blood type
Allele choices ___ ___ ___
choices
MORE than 2
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT A B O

76. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
Some traits are determined by
____________________________
= __________________
EX: human height intelligence, skin & eye color
MORE THAN ONE GENE
POLYGENIC TRAIT

77. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____ “___________” phenotypes
MORE than
ONE gene
many
in-between
There aren’t just SMART people
and DUMB people….
there is a ________________
of intelligences in-between
whole range

78. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
KINDS OF DOMINANCE
____________________
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
CO-DOMINANCE

79. COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant masks recessive Recessive returns 3:1 F2
__________ allele _______ the ___________ one
PATTERN ? ____________ allele ________
in a _____ratio in the ____ generation
Recessive
returns
3:1 F2

80. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE DON’T SEE __________ expected _____ ratio in
F2 generation
_____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait
3:1
Heterozygous
BLENDED
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82. CO-DOMINANCE
BOTH
_______ traits are expressed at ___________ (_____________________) in heterozygote
SAME TIME
NO BLENDING
ROAN
A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair
side by side
BOTH RED
WHITE

83. CO-DOMINANCE
Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote
Sickle Cell Anemia
Heterozygous- no problems
Homozygous- 

84. Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self
REMEMBER
Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self
= ______________
sugars
GLYCOPROTEINS

85. The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes
BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _________________________
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT
The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes
Allele choices are:
_____ ____ ____ A B O

86. BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins
on its surface

87. BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a
different “B” glycoprotein
on its surface

88. BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells
the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

89. A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH
glycoproteins on its surface

90. PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE)
BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES
GENOTYPE
PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) AA AO BB BO OO AB A A B B O AB

91. A and AB see A as “like me” as Different!
DONOR BLOOD
A and AB see A as “like me”
B and O see A
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!
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92. B and AB see B as “like me” as Different!
DONOR BLOOD
B and AB see B as “like me”
A and O see B
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!
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93. O ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________
DONOR BLOOD O
____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= _____________________
Nothing on surface to
recognize as “NOT SELF”
UNIVERSAL DONOR
YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE!
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94. Only AB sees AB as “like me”
DONOR BLOOD
Only AB sees AB as “like me”
A, B, and O see AB as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!
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95. AB can only GIVE to AB BUT . . .
______ can RECEIVE FROM
EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= ________________________
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
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96. BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA
40% B
10% AB 4% O
46%

97. ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE
Rh Rh-

98. OTHER BLOOD TYPES ____________________ IF: NO PROBLEMS
MOM is _____ & BABY is ____
Rh+
Rh+
MOM is _____ & BABY is _____
Rh+
Rh-
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99. Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____
PROBLEM
Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____
Rh-
Rh+
1st baby OK but few baby cells
entering mom’s bloodstream
put mom’s immune system on
alert for + cells.
Next + baby, mom’s immune
system can attack baby as it is
growing
Mom given shot after 1st birth prevents this
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100. Section 11.2
Complete Practice Questions