1. Topics for quiz:
Scale of ecosystems
Succession (Indiana dunes, Pacific northwest…)
Habitat/Niches
Characteristics of old growth
Scientific Forestry vs. New Forestry
Carbon Accumulation in forests
Nitrogen cycling in ecosystems
Types of interactions: mutualism, commensalisms etc…
Role of dead wood in the ecosystem
Mycorhyzae, symbiosis in the forest
Epiphytes and Endophytes
Role of insects
Soil structure/texture

2. Alder
Snowberry
Lichen
Chapter 5 from Hicks, William T Modeling nitrogen fixation in dead wood. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 160 p. Ph.D. dissertation

4. Luoma 5 Coarse woody debris—large pieces, not litter, mostly dead wood
Litter—small pieces, quick to be recycled 5 tons per acre per year
-what does that look like?

5. Figure it out now 1 ton = 2000 lbs 1 acre = 43560 ft2 1 ft = 12 inches
Density of soil: 1 ft3 = 50 lbs
5 tons per acre per year is how many inches per square foot per year?

6. Luoma 5 living tree has ~5% living cells
Harpaphe hydeniana
Luoma 5
living tree has ~5% living cells
“dead” wood or downed tree ~ 20% living cells, 219 tons/acre = ¼ of the forest floor covered.

7. Luoma 5: What functions does dead wood play in the forest?

8. Luoma 5: What functions does dead wood play in the forest?
Forest service’s 3 stages:
Hard snag: holes must be made, water, fungus, insects, animals move in
Soft snag: Habitat for insect larvae-->food for birds, holes become nesting sites, some birds and mammals will only nest in snags with holes made by previous residents
Buckskin snag has lost its bark and begins to fall apart, higher availability of carbon, adds woody material to the forest floor that holds and slowly releases moisture and adds nutrients

10. Movie time

11. Luoma 6: Soil Structure
What is soil structure? What does it include? Why is it important?
physical
chemical
energy
biological

12. Luoma 6
Soil as a biological consortium (or environmental system) vs. inorganic material.

13. 10% clay, 50% sand…

14. Soil Structure
Physical structure
What do plants get from the soil?

15. 10% clay, 50% sand…

16. Soil Physical Structure cont.
differ within a profile, soil horizons
Soil Profile

17. Soil Structure Chemical structure --
What nutrients are in soil besides nitrogen and carbon?
Phosphorous, sulfur, calcium, potassium, sodium, and metal salts.
Where are the nutrients?
Calcium (Ca) feldspar
Potassium (K) feldspar

18. Soil Structure
Energy structure – temperature, absorption/reflection of light=heat, heat sink
Biologic structure – Andy Moldenke = complexity, root zone, arthropods
Munsell Soil Color Chart
Gleyed Soil Mottle with Root Channels

19. Luoma 6 What is BPGT? How does Bug Poop Grow Trees?
Arthropods as key shredders
Sow bugs & sulfur
Keystone insects? Harpaphe millipede is a shredder
Oribatid mites--sheer volume and speed are very important.
Hyphae—fungi thread mycorrhizae

20. CLORPT
Why is the soil structure the way it is? How are those components distributed?
CLORPT--Five soil forming factors influence the type of soil
CLimate
Organic material or organisms
Relief
Parent material
Time

21. CLORPT

22. CLORPT Organic matter or organisms (O) helps determine:
water holding capacity
rates of nutrient cycling and availability

23. CLORPT Relief (R) helps determine:
soil profile thickness: thickness of the A horizon varies with slope position
soil fertility--Compare the crest, slope face, and slope base for soil fertility.  Where would you expect soils to be most fertile? 

24. CLORPT Parent material (P) helps determine:
soil texture –sandstone vs. shale
rates of soil formation
minerals as a nutrient source. The primary soil nutrients are N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S

25. CLORPT
Time (T) helps determine:
soil horizon

27. Passive vs Active Transport
Osmosis

28. Siderophores
chemicals released by fungi and bacteria that help bind iron or other metals (through chelation) into a form that is usable by plants.

29. Soil science: Scavenging for scrap metal Benjamin D. Duval & Bruce A
Soil science: Scavenging for scrap metal Benjamin D. Duval & Bruce A. Hungate, Nature Geoscience 1, (2008)
Under metal-limiting conditions, the bacterium A. vinelandii secretes metal-scavenging compounds (siderophores; S) (1). These siderophores scavenge the metals molybdenum and vanadium from unavailable complexes with clay, soil organic matter or other elements (2). The siderophores compete with siderophores produced by other organisms such as fungi for these metals (3). The bacterium or plant roots readily take up the siderophore-metal complexes (4). Within the bacterium, the metal is incorporated into the enzyme nitrogenase (5), to allow the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) that would otherwise be unusable to the bacterium.

31. How does Mycorrhizal symbiosis help the tree?
Surface area of hyphae is 1000x greater than roots alone. Water availability.
They protect trees from bacterial infestation by releasing chemicals that kill bacteria (antibiotics).
They also release hormones that stimulate root branching.
Allows trees to grow in places that they never could without the symbiosis ex. Hyphal bridge & shade. Also Acid mine tailings can support trees with acid protective fungi. (Acid Rain-acid mobilizes metals and changes soil pH. Some fungi help trees survive, while others can’t. Produced by air pollution.)
Exude enzymes for decomposition of organic debris that is among the toughest to break down. Lignin, release of N from organically bound forms

32. What do the fungi get out of it?
40% of the sugars produced by a tree are released into the soil to be consumed by fungi and whomever else is around.
Factoid: Fungi is about 50% of the total biomass in the soil (which contains roots!) where thickest and cover ¼ of the forest floor.

33. Observation – movie time!