1. Tuberous receptors
王星原

2. Tuberous receptors is responsible for active electrolocation - the detection of an eletric field produced by the fish's own electric organs. Therefore,they are only found in those teleosts that generate an eletric organ discharge(EOD),such as the mormyrids,gymnotoids of South America.

3. Eletrolocation
Electrolocation is a modality of animal perception through the sensing of electric fields that can be used for:
object detection
intraspecies communication
defensive and offensive behavior such as prey stunning and warding off predators
Active electrolocation is limited to freshwater fishes,perhaps because sea water is such a good conductor that maintaining a funcational sensory field is too difficult.

4. Eletric organ discharge(EOD)
In biology, the electric organ is an organ common to all electric fish used for the purposes of creating an electric field. The electric organ is derived from modified nerve or muscle tissue. The electric discharge from this organ is used for navigation, communication, defense and also sometimes for the incapacitation of prey

5. Eletric organ discharge(EOD)
The fish's EOD frequency causes the tuberous receptor cells and their sensory neurons to generate a rather constant moving into its eletric field when those objects cause a change in the field and alter the rate of impulses object with different conductance than the surrounding water. This probably allows the fish to detect the size and distance of the objects, and may also permit discrimination electrical properties would create different distortions of the electric field.

7. Mormyrids
The family Mormyridae, sometimes called "elephantfish" (more properly freshwater elephantfish), are freshwater fish in the order Osteoglossiformes native to Africa.
Elephantfishes are notable for their ability to generate weak electric fields that allow the fishes to sense their environment in turbid waters where vision is impaired by suspended matter.

8. Gymnotoids Stimulus Filtering and Electroreception:
Tuburous Electroreceptor in Three Spieces of Gymntoids Fish

10. Tuberous receptors are located in depressions of the epidermis and are coverd with loosely packed epithelial cells,allowing electric current to flow between the cells.
Active electroreception is used in a variety of ways. Many electric fishes are primarily nocturnal and use their eletrosensory capabilities to locate hiding places during the day and to explore their environment at night.Active eletroreception also can be used to locate prey and assist with navigation and orientation,espeically because the fish are most active during periods of low or no light.