1. Instructor: Raul Cruz-Cano raulcruz@umd.edu 7/19/2012
EPIB 698C Lecture 3
Instructor: Raul Cruz-Cano
7/19/2012 1 1

2. Creating and Redefining Variables
You can create and redefine variables with assignment statements as follows: Variable =expression
Type of expression
Example
Numeric constant
Age =10;
Character constant
Gender =‘Female’;
A old variable
Age = age_at_baseline ;
Addition
Age =age_at_baseline +10;

3. Home gardener's data
Gardeners were asked to estimate the pounds they harvested for four corps:tomatoes, zucchini, peas and grapes. Here is the data:
Gregor
Molly
Luther
Susan
Task:
add new variable group with a value of 14;
add variable type to indicate home gardener;
Create a new variable zucchini_1 which equals to zucchini*10
derive total pounds of corps for each gardener;
derive % of tomatoes for each gardener

4. Home gardener's data DATA homegarden;
INFILE 'F:\SAS\lecture4\Garden.txt';
INPUT Name $ 1-7 Tomato Zucchini Peas grapes;
group = 14;
Type = 'home';
Zucchini_1= Zucchini * 10;
Total=tomato + zucchini_1 + peas + grapes;
PerTom = (Tomato / Total) * 100;
Run;

5. Home gardener's data Check the log window:
Missing values were generated as a result of performing an operation on missing values.
Since for the last subject, we have missing values for peas, so we the variable total and PerTom, which are calculated from peas, are set to missing

6. SAS functions
SAS has over 400 functions, with the following general form:
Function-name (argument, argument, …)
All functions must have parentheses even if they don’t require any arguments
Example:
X=Int(log(10));
Mean_score = mean(score1, score2, score3);
The Mean function returns mean of non-missing arguments, which differs from simply adding and dividing by their number, which would return a missing values if any arguments are missing

7. Common Functions And Operators
ABS: absolute value
EXP: exponential
LOG: natural logarithm
MAX and MIN: maximum and minimum
SQRT: square root
SUM: sum of variables
Example: SUM (of x1-x10, x21)
Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, ** (not ^)

8. Example: pumpkin carving contest data
This data contains contestant’s name , age, type of pumpkin (carved or decorated), date of entry and the scores from 5 judges.
Alicia Grossman 13 c
Matthew Lee D
Elizabeth Garcia 10 C
Lori Newcombe D
Jose Martinez d
Brian Williams C
We will derive the means scores using the “Mean” function
Transform values of “type” to upper case
Get the day of the month from the SAS date

9. Example: pumpkin carving contest data
DATA contest;
INFILE 'F:\SAS\lecture4\Pumpkin.txt';
INPUT Name $16. Age Type $
@23 Date MMDDYY10.
(Scr1 Scr2 Scr3 Scr4 Scr5) (4.1);
AvgScore= MEAN(Scr1,Scr2,Scr3,Scr4, Scr5);
DayEntered = DAY(Date);
Type = UPCASE(Type);
run;

10. More SAS functions Function Name Example Result Max Round Sum Length
Y=Max(1, 3, 5);
Y=5
Round
Y=Round (1.236, 2);
Y=1.24
Sum
Y=sum(1, 3, 5);
Y=9
Length
a=‘my cat’; Y=Length (a);
Y=6
Trim
a=‘my ’, b=‘cat’
Y=trim(a)||b
Y=‘mycat’

11. Selected date functions
Description
Example
Results
Today
Returns current date
X=today();
Today’s date
QTR
Returns a yearly quarter from a SAS date value
X= QTR(366) 1
Month
Return the month value from a SAS date value
X= Month(366)
Day
Return the day value from a SAS date value
X= day (369) 4
MDY
Returns a SAS date value from month, day and year input
X=MDY(1,1,60)

12. Working with SAS Date
A SAS date is a numeric value equal to the number of days since Jan. 1, For example:
Date
SAS date value
Jan. 1, 1959
-365
Jan. 1, 1960
Jan. 1, 1961
366
Jan. 1, 2003
15706

13. Using IF-THEN statement
IF-THEN statement is used for conditional processing. Example: you want to derive means test scores for female students but not male students. Here we derive means conditioning on gender =‘female’
Syntax:
If condition then action;
Eg:
If gender =‘F’ then mean_score =mean(scr1, scr2);

14. Using IF-THEN statement
List of Logical comparison operators
Logical comparison
Mnemonic term
symbol
Equal to EQ =
Not equal to NE
^= or ~=
Less than LT
<
Less than or equal to LE
<=
Greater than GT
>
greater than or equal to GE
>=
Equal to one in a list IN
Note: Missing numeric values will be treated as the most negative values you
can reference on your computer

15. Using IF-THEN statement
Example: We have data contains the following information of subjects: Age Gender Midterm Quiz FinalExam
21 M 80 B- 82
20 F 90 A 93
35 M 87 B+ 85
48 F 80 C 76
59 F 95 A+ 97
15 M 88 C 93
Task: To group student based on their age (<20, [20-40), [40-60), >=60)

16. data conditional;
input Age Gender $ Midterm Quiz $2. FinalExam;
datalines;
21 M 80 B- 82
20 F 90 A 93
35 M 87 B+ 85
48 F 80 C 76
59 F 95 A+ 97
15 M 88 C 93 ;
data new1;
set conditional;
if Age < 20 then AgeGroup = 1;
if 20 <= Age < 40 then AgeGroup = 2;
if 40 <= Age < 60 then AgeGroup = 3;
if Age >= 60 then AgeGroup = 4;
run;

17. Multiple conditions with AND and OR
IF condition1 and condition2 then action;
Eg:
If age <40 and gender=‘F’ then group=1;
If age <40 or gender=‘F’ then group=2;

18. IF-THEN statement, multiple conditions
Example: We have data contains the following information of subjects: Age Gender Midterm Quiz FinalExam
21 M 80 B- 82
20 F 90 A 93
35 M 87 B+ 85
48 F 80 C 76
59 F 95 A+ 97
15 M 88 C 93
Task: To group student based on their age (<40, >=40),and gender

19. data new1;
set conditional;
If age <40 and gender='F' then group=1;
If age >=40 and gender='F' then group=2;
IF age <40 and gender ='M' then group=3;
IF age >=40 and gender ='M' then group=4;
run;

20. Note: Missing numeric values will be treated as the most negative values you can reference on your computer
Example: group age into age groups with missing values
21 M 80 B- 82
20 F 90 A 93
. M 87 B+ 85
48 F 80 C 76
59 F 95 A+ 97
. M 88 C 93

21. Multiple actions with Do, end
Syntax:
IF condition then do;
Action1 ;
Action 2;
End;
If age <=20 then do ;
group=1;
exam_date =“Monday”;
End;

22. IF-THEN statement, with multiple actions
Example: We have data contains the following information of subjects: Age Gender Midterm Quiz FinalExam
21 M 80 B- 82
20 F 90 A 93
35 M 87 B+ 85
48 F 80 C 76
59 F 95 A+ 97
15 M 88 C 93
Task: To group student based on their age, and assign test date based on the age group

23. IF-THEN/ELSE statement
Syntax
IF condition1 then action1;
Else if condition2 then action2;
Else if condition3 then action3;
IF-THEN/Else statement has two advantages than IF-THEN statement
(1) It is more efficient, use less computing time
(2) Else logic ensures that your groups are mutually exclusive so that you do not put one obervation into more than one groups.

24. IF-THEN/ELSE statement
data new1;
set conditional;
if Age < 20 then AgeGroup = 1;
else if Age >= 20 and Age < 40 then AgeGroup = 2;
else if Age >= 40 and Age < 60 then AgeGroup = 3;
else if Age >= 60 then AgeGroup = 4;
run;

25. Subsetting your data
You can subset you data using a IF statement in a data step
Example:
Data new1;
Set new;
If gender =‘F’;
Data new1;
Set new;
If gender ^=‘F’ then delete;

26. The IN operator
If you want to test if a value is one of the possible choices, you can use multiple “OR” statement like this:
IF grade =‘A’ or grade =‘B’ or grade =‘C’ then PASS=‘yes’;
A alternative is to use a IN operator:
IF grade in (‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’) then PASS=‘yes’;
IF grade in (‘A’ , ‘B’ ,‘C’) then PASS=‘yes’;

27. Simplifying programs with Arrays
SAS Arrays are a collection of elements (usually SAS variables) that allow you to write SAS statements referencing this group of variables.
Arrays are defined using Array statement as:
ARRAY name (n) variable list
name: is a name you give to the array
n: is the number of variables in the array
eg: ARRAY store (4) macys sears target costco
Store(1) is the variable for macys
Store(2) is the variable for sears

28. Simplifying programs with Arrays
A radio station is conducting a survey asking people to rate 10 songs. The rating is on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1=Do not like the song; 5-like the song;
IF the listener does not want to rate a song, he puts a “9” to indicate missing values
Here is the data with location, listeners age and rating for 10 songs
Albany
Richmond
Oakland
Richmond
Berkeley
We want to change 9 to missing values (.)

29. Simplifying programs with Arrays
DATA songs;
INFILE 'F:\SAS\lecture4\radio.txt';
INPUT City $ 1-15 Age domk wj hwow simbh
kt aomm libm tr filp ttr;
ARRAY song (10) domk wj hwow simbh kt
aomm libm tr filp ttr;
DO i = 1 TO 10;
IF song(i) = 9 THEN song(i) = .;
END;
run;

30. Using shortcuts for lists of variable names
When writing SAS programs, we will often need to write a list of variables names. When you have a data will many variables, a shortcut for lists of variables names is helpful
Numbered range list: variables which starts with same characters and end with consecutive number can be part of a numbered range list
Eg :
INPUT cat8 cat9 cat10 cat11
INPUT cat8 – cat11

31. Using shortcuts for lists of variable names
Name range list: name range list depends on the internal order, or position of the variables in a SAS dataset. This is determined by the appearance of the variables in the DATA step.
Eg :
Data new;
Input x1 x2 y2 y3;
Run;
Then the internal range list is: x1 x2 y2 y3
Shortcut for this variable list is x1-y3;
Proc contents procedure with the POSITION option can be used to find out the internal order

32. Using shortcuts for lists of variable names
DATA songs;
INFILE 'F:\SAS\lecture4\radio.txt';
INPUT City $ 1-15 Age domk wj hwow simbh
kt aomm libm tr filp ttr;
ARRAY new (10) Song1 - Song10;
ARRAY old (10) domk -- ttr;
DO i = 1 TO 10;
IF old(i) = 9 THEN new(i) = .;
ELSE new(i) = old(i);
END;
AvgScore = MEAN(OF Song1 - Song10);
run;