1. State based or Graph based testing
Graph based testing methods are applicable to generate test cases for state machines such as language translators, workflows, transaction flows and data flows.
Example
An application validate a number according to the following simple rules
1. A number can start with an optional sign.

2. 2. The optional sign can be followed by any number of digits. 3
2. The optional sign can be followed by any number of digits. 3. The digit can be optionally followed by a decimal point, represented by a period. 4. If there is decimal point, then there should be two digits after the decimal 5. No – whether or not it has a decimal point, should be terminated by a blank.

3. DIGIT 3
DIGIT 4 2
Decimal point
+ 0r -
DIGIT
DIGIT 5 1
Blank 6

4. State transition table can be used to derive test cases to test valid and invalid numbers.
Start from the start state.
Choose a path that leads to the next state
Invalid input - generate an error condition test case.
Repeat the process until reach the final state.

5. Current state
Input
Next state 1
Digit 2 + -
Blank 6
Decimal point 3 4 5

6. Graph based testing
It is useful to represent a transaction or workflows.
Example : employee leave application
He fills up a leave application, by providing the details like ID no, starting and ending date.
Automation system validate whether the employee is eligible for the requisite number of days of leave.

7. 3. Verification by manager ( any deadlines during that period) 4
3. Verification by manager ( any deadlines during that period) 4. Final approval/rejection. Graph representation for the above process
Employee desires leave
HR verification
Manager ensure feasibility
Reject
Leave application
form
eligible
Feasible
ineligible
Not feasible
Approve