1. KEC Dhapakhel, Lalitpur
Project Quality Management
KEC
Dhapakhel, Lalitpur
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2. What is Quality? (ISO )
“The totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear upon its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.”
Example:
If an automobile company finds a defect in one of their cars and makes a product recall, customer reliability and therefore production will decrease because trust will be lost in the car's quality.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines quality as “the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements” (ISO9000:2000).
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3. Other experts define quality based on:
Fitness for purpose or use (Juran): A product can be used as it was intended.
Conformance to requirements (Crosby): The project’s processes and products meet written specifications.
What the customer really needed
Conformance means delivering products that meet requirements and fitness for use.
Cost of nonconformance means taking responsibility for failures or not meeting quality expectations.
Quality Gurus
Dr Edward Deming
Total Quality Management
Plan-Do-Check-Act
Rule of 85
85% of the cost of quality is responsibility of Management
Dr Joseph Moses Juran (Quality Planning, Quality Control, Quality Improvement)
Phillip Crosby (Conformance to Requirements, Prevention, Zero Defect)
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4. Which is a Quality? A high cost product or services?
What product or services that I am dreaming for?
What I require now?, or
Within the time and cost that I can afford, what I can have?
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5. Common misconceptions
Quality is difficult to define, but you can recognize it when you see it
Quality is expensive
Quality is craftsmanship
Quality is luxury
Quality is in short supply
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6. Project Quality Management
Project quality management ensures that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken.
Provide customers with they want
Customer agreed standard and specification
Predictable degree of reliability and uniformity
A suitable price for product or service
Project quality management must address both the management of the project and the product of the project.
If failure to meet quality requirements in either dimension can have serious negative consequences for any or all of the project stake-holders.
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7. Project Quality Management
Project quality management processes include:
Quality Planning: Identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy them.
Quality Assurance: Periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards.
Quality Control: Monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards and identifying ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory performance.
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8. Who’s Responsible for the Quality of Projects?
Project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects.
Several organizations and references can help project managers and their teams understand quality.
International Organization for Standardization (
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (
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9. Modern Quality Management
Requires customer satisfaction.
Prefers prevention to inspection.
Recognizes management responsibility for quality.
Noteworthy quality experts include Deming, Juran, Crosby, Ishikawa, Taguchi, and Feigenbaum.
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10. Quality Experts
Deming was famous for his work in rebuilding Japan and his 14 Points for Management.
Juran wrote the Quality Control Handbook and ten steps to quality improvement.
Crosby wrote Quality is Free and suggested that organizations strive for zero defects.
Ishikawa developed the concepts of quality circles and fishbone diagrams.
Taguchi developed methods for optimizing the process of engineering experimentation.
Feigenbaum developed the concept of total quality control.
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11. Basics of QA/QC program
QA/QC involves developing a “mind-set” on quality as an essential element to optimum and flawless performance. (American and Japanese mind set)
Assurance of quality is estimated to have been established in a project when standard practices and procedures of quality control are in-built as an integral part of the methods and procedures of project implementation within an organization.
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12. Production/Construction/Services
Quality Determinants
Needs or Wants
Human resource
Specifications
Finance
Design
Materials
Production/Construction/Services
quality
Conformity
Reliability
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13. Quality Management
All control and assurance activities instituted to achieve the quality established by the contract requirements.
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14. Total Quality Management (TQM)
Total – made up the whole
Quality – Degree of excellence a product or service provides
Management – Act, art or manner of handling, controlling, directing etc.
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15. Total Quality Management Basic approach
A committed management
Focused on customer
Involvement and utilization of the total work force
Continuous improvement
Treating suppliers as partners
Establish performance measures for each components/ persons
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16. Total Quality Management Tools and Techniques
Bench marking
Information technology
Quality management systems
Environment management system
Quality function deployment (Customer requirements led design)
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17. Tools and Techniques Quality by design
Failure mode analysis (Reliability)
Product liability
Total productive maintenance
Management tools
Statistical process control
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18. Improving IT Quality Management
Leadership that Promotes Quality
Develop Awareness on Cost of Quality
Focusing on Organizational influences and workplace factors
Following Maturity Models
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19. Maturity Model
Maturity models are frameworks for helping organization improve their processes and systems – Software Quality Function Deployment model focuses on defining user requirements and planning software projects. – The Software Engineering Institute’s Capability Maturity Model provides a generic path to process improvement for software development. – Several groups are working on project management maturity models, such as PMI’s Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3)
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20. Project Management Maturity Model
(PMMM) is a formal tool developed by PM Solutions and used to measure an organization's project management maturity.
Once the initial level of maturity and areas for improvement are identified, the PMMM provides a roadmap, outlining the necessary steps to take toward project management maturity advancement and performance improvement.
Maturity model is used to map logical ways to improve an organization's service-particularly across the software industry
Maturity models are also used as a tool for research, as tools for assessment, and the linkage between improvements in maturity and increases in organizational performance.
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21. Five Maturity Level
Ad-Hoc: The project management process is described as disorganized, and occasionally even confused. The organization has not defined systems and processes, and project success depends on individual effort. There are chronic cost and schedule problems.
Abbreviated: There are some project management processes and systems in place to track cost, schedule, and scope. Project success is largely unpredictable and cost and schedule problems are common.
Organized: There are standardized, documented project management processes and systems that are integrated into the rest of the organization. Project success is more predictable, and cost and schedule performance is improved.
Managed: Management collects and uses detailed measures of the effectiveness of project management. Project success is more uniform, and cost and schedule performance conforms to plan.
Adaptive: Feedback from the project management process and from piloting innovative ideas and technologies enables continuous improvement. Project success is the norm, and cost and schedule performance is continuously improving.
seldom
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22. Quality Planning
Expected level of quality can only be achieved through necessary quality planning during project initiation.
Attributes of Quality Requirements
Completeness Criteria
Correctness Criteria
Usefulness Criteria
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23. Quality Assurance
Quality assurance includes all the activities related to satisfying the relevant quality standards for a project.
In developing products and services, quality assurance is any systematic process of checking to see whether a product or service being developed is meeting specified requirements.
Another goal of quality assurance is continuous quality improvement.
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24. Quality Assurance
The system to make certain the Quality Control is functioning and the specified end product is realized.
Benchmarking generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization.
A quality audit is a structured review of specific quality management activities that help identify lessons learned that could improve performance on current or future projects.
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25. Quality Control
Quality Control is part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements (ISO 9000:2000)
A series of analytical measurements used to assess the quality of the analytical data (The “tools”)
The purpose of QC is to detect errors and correct them before patients’ results are reported
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26. Activities to be performed for QA/QC
Prepare a written QA organizational plan
Site, location or receivable planning
Identify training needs for clear understanding of QA/QC responsibilities among office and field staff
Review work loads and staffing needs
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27. QA/QC program for Design Phase
Use standard design criteria
Cost estimate
Contract packaging
Preparation of work schedule
Prepare standard contract document
Tendering process
Bid evaluation and award
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28. QA/QC program for Implementation Phase
Supervision and Quality Control
Progress reporting
Measurements and payments
Corrective actions
Training for Operation and Maintenance
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29. Quality Assurance plan
The quality control descriptions – acceptance/rejection
List of sources of materials
List of tests
Spot, sequence, activity and time for inspection
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30. Exercise Quality assurance plan
Activity/ material
Activities involved/ special features
Inspection/test required
Frequency and dates
Who is responsible for inspection/test report preparation
Who is responsible for control
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31. Quality Control Process
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32. Plan (What we are going to do?)
Identify the problem to be examined
Formulate a specific problem statement to clearly define the problem
Set measurable and attainable goals
Determine financial and personnel requirement, and the schedule
Identify stakeholders and develop necessary communication channels to communicate and gain approval
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33. Do ( Let’s do what we said!)
Identify who is responsible and affected
Develop procedures and tools to fulfill objectives and meet the plan
Develop and provide training relevant to the plan and the people involved and
Folllow the procedure, process and tools.
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34. Check(Have we met our expectations?)
Assess our performance
Determine if we met objectives and targets
Did things works as planned and expected
Identify any “root causes” and
Determine corrective actions.
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35. Act (Do we need any changes, Where do we go from here?)
Determine what, if anything, needs to be changed
Identity specific adjustments and
Determine if we stay with our current plan, or if we want to take on anything else.
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36. Quality Control Charts
A control chart is a graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time.
The main use of control charts is to prevent defects, rather than to detect or reject them.
Quality control charts allow you to determine whether a process is in control or out of control.
When a process is in control, any variations in the results of the process are created by random events; processes that are in control do not need to be adjusted.
When a process is out of control, variations in the results of the process are caused by non-random events; you need to identify the causes of those non-random events and adjust the process to correct or eliminate them.
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37. Different Quality Charts
Control Charts
Flowcharting
Histogram
Pareto Chart
Run Chart
Scatter Diagram
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38. Control Chart
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39. Flowcharting
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40. Histogram Quality Chart
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41. Pareto Chart
Pareto Chart is a type of chart that contains both bars and a line graph, where individual values are represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the line.
It’s a problem solving tool to help you decide where to focus your efforts.
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42. Pareto Chart
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43. Run Quality Chart
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44. Scatter Diagram
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45. Testing of IT Systems Unit Test Web Test Integration Testing
To test each individual component to ensure they are defect free as possible.
Web Test
Series of HTTP request for testing websites
Integration Testing
Occurs between unit and system testing to test functionally grouped components
System Testing
Tests entire system as one entity
Load Testing
Used for stress testing for various load setting, network type and client configurations
User Acceptance Testing
Performed by the end user prior to accepting the delivered system
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46. Reference
Dr Rajendra Adhikari, MSTIM, IOE, Project Management Lecture Slides
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47. Thank You
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