1. Equation relating speed, frequency, and wavelength of a wave

2. 𝑐= 𝑓𝜆

3. Definition of PERIOD (T)

4. Time taken for one complete oscillation (measured in seconds)

5. Definition of FREQUENCY (f)

6. Number of complete oscillations per second

7. Equation relating frequency and period of an oscillation

8. 𝑓= 1 𝑇

9. Equation for finding the frequency of the first harmonic for stationary waves on a string

10. 𝑓= 1 2𝑙 𝑇 𝜇

11. Equation for the double slit experiment, relating fringe separation, slit spacing, distance from screen, and wavelength of light.

12. 𝑤= 𝜆𝐷 𝑠

13. Equation for diffraction grating

14. 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃= 𝑛𝜆

15. Formula for refractive index of a substance

16. 𝑛= 𝑐 𝑐 s

17. Law of Refraction

18. 𝑛 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1 = 𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2

19. Critical Angle

20. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐 = 𝑛 2 𝑛 1
for n1 > n2

21. Moment of a Force

22. Force × perpendicular distance from the pivot, Fd

23. Word definition of velocity

24. Rate of change of displacement

25. Definition of velocity in symbols

26. 𝑣 = Δ𝑠 Δ𝑡

27. Word definition of acceleration

28. Rate of change of velocity

29. Definition of acceleration in symbols

30. 𝑎 = Δ𝑣 Δ𝑡

31. Equations of motion for uniform acceleration (the “suvat” equations)

32. 𝑣=𝑢+𝑎𝑡
𝑠= 𝑢+𝑣 2 𝑡
𝑣 2 = 𝑢 2 +2𝑎𝑠
𝑠=𝑢𝑡+ 1 2 𝑎 𝑡 2

33. Equation relating force, mass, and acceleration

34. 𝐹= 𝑚𝑎

35. Definition of momentum (p)

36. momentum = mass × velocity p = mv

37. Definition of impulse

38. 𝐹∆𝑡= ∆(𝑚𝑣

39. Equation relating force, momentum, and time in words

40. Force = rate of change of momentum

41. Equation relating force, momentum, and time in symbols

42. 𝐹= 𝑚𝑣−𝑚𝑢 𝑡 or
𝐹= ∆𝑚𝑣 𝑡

43. Equation relating work done, force, and distance

44. 𝑤= 𝐹𝑠 or
𝑤= 𝐹𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

45. Equation for kinetic energy

46. 𝐸 𝑘 = 1 2 𝑚 𝑣 2

47. Equation for gravitational potential energy

48. ∆ 𝐸 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔∆ℎ

49. Definition of POWER in words

50. Power is the rate of conversion of energy

51. Definition of POWER (P) in symbols

52. 𝑃= ∆𝑤 ∆𝑡

53. Equation relating power, force, and velocity

54. 𝑃= 𝐹𝑣

55. Definition of EFFICIENCY

56. 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦= 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦= 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦= 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 × 100 %

57. Definition of DENSITY

58. 𝜌= 𝑚 𝑣

59. Hooke’s Law

60. 𝐹= 𝑘∆𝐿

61. Young Modulus

62. 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐹×𝐿 𝐴 × ∆𝐿

63. Tensile Stress

64. F A

65. Tensile Stress

66. Δ𝐿 L

67. Equation for calculating energy stored in a stretched or compressed material obeying Hooke’s Law

68. 𝐸= 1 2 𝐹∆𝐿
𝐸 = 1 2 𝑘∆ 𝐿 2

69. Equation for calculating energy stored per unit volume for a stretched or compressed material obeying Hooke’s Law

70. ½ stress × strain

71. Definition of WEIGHT

72. 𝑊=𝑚𝑔

73. Equation for energy of a photon

74. 𝐸=ℎ𝑓= ℎ𝑐 𝜆

75. Photoelectric effect equation

76. ℎ𝑓=𝜙+ 𝐸 𝑘(max

77. de Broglie wavelength

78. 𝜆= ℎ 𝑝 = ℎ 𝑚𝑣

79. Definition of Work Function

80. 𝜙 = the minimum amount of energy needed to release an electron from the surface of a metal 
𝜙=ℎ𝑓0

81. Definition of Stopping Potential

82. Stopping potential, 𝑉𝑠 is the potential difference needed to stop the fastest moving electron in a photocell experiment
Ek(max) = eVs

83. Definition of Specific Charge

84. Q m

85. Equation relating current, charge, and time

86. 𝐼= ∆𝑄 ∆𝑡

87. Equation relating p.d., work done, and charge

88. 𝑉= 𝑊 𝑄

89. Definition of the VOLT

90. 1 joule per coulomb

91. Equation relating p.d., current, and resistance

92. 𝑉= 𝐼𝑅

93. Equation defining resistivity

94. ρ= 𝑅𝐴 𝑙

95. Equation for calculating total resistance of resistors in series

96. 𝑅 𝑇 = 𝑅 1 + 𝑅 2 + 𝑅 3 …

97. Equation for calculating total resistance of resistors in parallel

98. 1 𝑅 𝑇 = 1 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 3 +… or
𝑅 𝑇 = 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 3 +… −1

99. Three equations for electrical power in a circuit

100. 𝑃=𝐼𝑉= 𝐼 2 𝑅= 𝑉 2 𝑅

101. Equation relating p.d. and current to the total energy transferred by a component in a time, t.

102. 𝐸=𝐼𝑡𝑉

103. Definition of electromotive force (emf) in words and symbols

104. amount of energy supplied per coulomb by a power source
𝜀= 𝐸 𝑄
units: volts

105. Equation relating emf of a power supply, its internal resistance and the external resistance in a circuit

106. 𝜀=𝐼(𝑅+𝑟

107. Equation relating emf of a power supply, its internal resistance, the current through the circuit, and the p.d. across the external components

108. 𝑉=𝜀−𝐼𝑟

109. Equation defining angular speed

110. 𝜔= 𝜃 𝑡

111. Equation relating angular speed to frequency of orbit

112. 𝜔= 2𝜋𝑓

113. Equation relating angular speed to period of orbit

114. 𝜔= 2𝜋 𝑇

115. Equation relating angular speed to linear velocity and radius of orbit

116. 𝜔= 𝑣 𝑟

117. Equation for centripetal force

118. 𝐹= 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑟 =𝑚 𝜔 2 𝑟

119. Equations for centripetal acceleration

120. 𝑎= 𝑣 2 𝑟 = 𝜔 2 𝑟

121. Criteria for Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

122. Acceleration is proportion to the displacement, and always directed in the opposite direction, towards the equilibrium position

123. Equation relating acceleration and angular frequency in SHM

124. a = -ω2x

125. Equation for displacement in SHM

126. x = A cos(ωt)

127. Equation for speed in SHM

128. 𝑣=± 𝜔 𝐴 2 − 𝑥 2

129. Equation for maximum speed in SHM

130. 𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝜔𝐴

131. Equation for maximum acceleration in SHM

132. 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ω2A

133. Equation for period of SHM in a mass-spring system

134. 𝑇=2𝜋 𝑚 𝑘

135. Equation for period of SHM of a simple pendulum

136. 𝑇=2𝜋 𝑙 𝑔

137. Definition of specific heat capacity

138. Definition of specific latent heat of fusion

139. Definition of specific latent heat of vaporisation

140. Energy needed to change temperature of a substance

141. 𝑄=𝑚𝑐Δ𝜃

142. Energy needed to change state of a substance

143. 𝑄=𝑚𝑙

144. Gas Law with Boltzmann Constant

145. 𝑝𝑉=𝑁𝑘𝑇

146. Gas Law with molar gas constant

147. 𝑝𝑉=𝑛𝑅𝑇

148. Kinetic Theory Equation

149. 𝑝𝑉= 1 3 𝑁𝑚 𝑐 rms 2

150. Kinetic Energy of a Gas Molecule

151. 1 2 𝑚 𝑐 rms 2 = 3 2 𝑘𝑇= 3𝑅𝑇 2 𝑁 A

152. Relationship between Pressure, Temperature, and Volume

153. 𝑃 1 𝑉 1 𝑇 1 = 𝑃 2 𝑉 2 𝑇 2

154. Gravitational force between two masses

155. 𝐹= 𝐺𝑚 1 𝑚 2 𝑟 2

156. Word definition of gravitational field strength

157. Force per unit mass

158. Equation defining of gravitational field strength

159. 𝑔= F m

160. magnitude of gravitational field strength in a radial field

161. 𝑔= GM 𝑟 2

162. Work done in moving a mass in a gravitational field

163. Δ𝑊=𝑚Δ𝑉

164. Word definition of gravitational potential

165. the work done per unit mass in bringing a point mass from infinity to a point in a gravitational field
(unit: 𝐽𝑘𝑔−1)

166. Equation for gravitational potential

167. 𝑉=− GM r

168. Why is gravitational potential always negative?

169. zero gravitational potential is defined as being as being at infinity, and since work has to be done to a mass to get it to infinity, gravitational potential is always negative

170. Equation relating gravitational field strength and gravitational potential

171. g=− Δ𝑉 Δ𝑟

172. Equation for escape velocity

173. 𝑣 𝑒𝑠𝑐 = 2𝐺𝑀 𝑟

174. Equation relating period of satellite orbit to radius of orbit

175. 𝑇 2 = 4 𝜋 2 𝐺𝑀 𝑟 3

176. Equation for gravitational potential energy in a radial field

177. 𝐸 𝑝 = − 𝐺𝑚 1 𝑚 2 𝑟

178. force between two point charges

179. 𝐹= 1 4𝜋 𝜀 𝑄 1 𝑄 2 𝑟 2

180. Word definition of electric field strength

181. Force per unit charge

182. definition of electric field strength in symbols

183. 𝐸= 𝐹 𝑄

184. Formula for electric field strength between two parallel plates

185. 𝐸= 𝑉 𝑑

186. definition of uniform field

187. Field strength and direction same at all points

188. Work done in moving a charge in an electric field

189. Δ𝑊=𝑄Δ𝑉

190. Equation for field strength for a radial field

191. 𝐸= 1 4𝜋 𝜀 0 𝑄 𝑟 2

192. Equation for electric potential

193. 𝑉= 1 4𝜋 𝜀 0 𝑄 𝑟

194. Equation relating electric field strength and electric potential

195. 𝐸= ∆𝑉 ∆𝑟

196. Equation for electric potential energy at a point in a radial field

197. 𝐸 𝑝 = 1 4𝜋 𝜀 𝑄 1 𝑄 2 𝑟

198. Equation relating capacitance, charge, and voltage

199. 𝐶= 𝑄 𝑉

200. Equation relating capacitance to area of plates, separation of plates, and permittivity of dielectric

201. 𝐶= 𝐴 𝜀 0 𝜀 𝑟 𝑑

202. Energy stored in a capacitor

203. 𝐸= 1 2 𝑄𝑉
𝐸= 1 2 𝐶 𝑉 2
𝐸= 𝑄 2 𝐶

204. Equations describing discharging a capacitor

205. 𝑄= 𝑄 0 𝑒 − 𝑡 𝑅𝐶
𝑉= 𝑉 0 𝑒 − 𝑡 𝑅𝐶
𝐼= 𝐼 0 𝑒 − 𝑡 𝑅𝐶

206. Equations describing charging up a capacitor

207. 𝑄= 𝑄 0 (1−𝑒 − 𝑡 𝑅𝐶 )
𝑉= 𝑉 0 (1−𝑒 − 𝑡 𝑅𝐶 )
𝐼= 𝐼 0 𝑒 − 𝑡 𝑅𝐶

208. Word definition of the time constant for a resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit

209. Time taken for the charge or potential difference or current to fall to 1/e of its original value for a discharging capacitor

210. Equation for calculating time constant for a discharging capacitor

211. 𝜏= 𝑅𝐶

212. Time taken for a capacitor to discharge 99% of its charge or current or potential difference

213. 5 time constants

214. Equations defining relative permittivity

215. 𝜀 𝑟 = 𝐶 𝐶 0 = 𝑄 𝑄 0 = 𝜀 1 𝜀 0