1. Classification Quiz! (20 Mins only)
End time: 9:50 AM
After quiz, get with partner and complete Hominid Virtual Lab questions.
LAB COLLECTED TODAY!

2. Hominid Virtual Lab Data

3. Q.Q. 02/20 Which of the following is an abiotic factor? dog water
c. palm tree
d. bacteria

4. Q.Q. 02/20 Which of the following is an abiotic factor? dog water
c. palm tree
d. bacteria

5. Ecology Unit #8
CHAPTERS 3 & 4
in textbook
tschwartz

6. Ecology is the study of the interactions among living things (organisms), and their Environment.

7. Abiotic vs. Biotic
Abiotic: Physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem.
Examples: rocks, climate, pressure and humidity.
Biotic: Living factors such as plants, animals, fungi, protist and bacteria are all biotic or living factors.
tschwartz

8. Organism: an individual living thing, such as an alligator.
Ecologists study environments at different levels of organization
Organism: an individual living thing, such as an alligator.
Organism

9. Population: a group of the same species that lives in one area.
Organism

10. Community: a group of different species that live together in one area.
(LIVING ONLY!!)
Community
Population
Organism

11. Biotic and Abiotic factors
An ecosystem includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other nonliving things in a given area.
Biotic and Abiotic factors
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism

12. Biome: a major regional or global community of organisms characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there.
Biome
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism

13. Question 1
A certain plant requires moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide, light, and minerals in order to survive. This statement shows that a living organism depends on?
biotic factors
abiotic factors
carnivore-herbivore relationships
decomposers
tschwartz

14. Question 2 Which is a biotic factor operating within an ecosystem?
the type of climate in a given region
the rate of flow of water in a river
the carnivores that consume other animals
the amount of helium gas in the air
tschwartz

15. Producers Sunlight is the main energy source for life on earth
Also called autotrophs
(“Self feeder”)
Use light or chemical
energy to make food
1. Plants
2. Plant-like Protists (algae)
3. Bacteria
Picture= Protist Spirogyra
tschwartz

16. Producers get their energy from non-living resources.
Photosynthesis in most producers uses sunlight as an energy source. “photo = light”
Chemosynthesis in prokaryote (bacteria) producers uses chemicals as an energy source to make carbohydrates. “chemo= chemical”
Algae (Protists)

17. (Remember: 6CO2 + 6H2O 6O2 + C6H12O6)
Photosynthesis —use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates (glucose)
(Remember: 6CO2 + 6H2O O2 + C6H12O6)
Light Energy
tschwartz

18. Consumers
Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply
Also called heterotrophs (“different feeding”
tschwartz

19. Types of Consumers: Herbivores eat only plants.
Carnivores eat only animals.
Omnivores eat both plants and animals.
Decomposers are organism that break down organic matter into simpler compounds.
*Fungi and bacteria - usually eating dead organisms!
carnivore
decomposer

20. Examples:
Herbivores
Carnivore
tschwartz

21. Decomposers (fungi & bacteria)
Omnivore
Decomposers (fungi & bacteria)
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22. Feeding Interactions
Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction—> from the sun OR inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to heterotrophs (consumers)

23. Food Chain — series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten *one direct step after another
Arrows go in the direction of how energy is transferred
Start with producer and end with top consumer or carnivore
Towards consumer!
Ex: grass cricket frog raccoon
tschwartz

24. Food Web - network of food chains within an ecosystem
Hawks
Weasels
Raccoons
Mice
Grass
Which of the organisms above is the producer?
Which of the organisms above is the top consumer?
Grass
Hawks
tschwartz

25. Q.Q. 2/21/19 Organism Community Ecosystem Population
A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area is called a(n):
Organism
Community
Ecosystem
Population

26. Q.Q. 2/21/19 Organism Community Ecosystem Population
A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area is called a(n):
Organism
Community
Ecosystem
Population

27. Trophic Levels
Trophic levels are the nourishment levels in a food chain. “-troph” = “food or feeding”
Producers- autotrophs
Primary consumers –herbivores; eat producers.
Secondary consumers- carnivores; eat herbivores.
Tertiary consumers- carnivores; eat secondary consumers.
*Omnivores, such as humans, may
be listed at different trophic levels
in different food chains.
tschwartz

28. Energy and Biomass Pyramid
Represents amount of energy available at each level, as well as amount of living tissue (biomass)
Decrease with each increasing trophic level!
tschwartz

29. Energy and Biomass Pyramid available to the next level.
*Only 10% of the energy in a trophic level is
available to the next level.
tschwartz

30. WHY is so little energy transferred?
Most of the energy transferred is lost to the environment as HEAT (most energy given off from respiration, wastes not absorbed…)

31. How much energy is available for the mountain lion?
5,000
(10% of 50,000)
tertiary
consumers
secondary
primary
producers ??
50, 000
500,000
5,000,000
How much energy is available for the mountain lion?
A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers.

32. A keystone species is a species that has an
unusually large effect on its ecosystem.

33. Ch. 4 – ecosystems and communities
Biotic and Abiotic Interactions

34. Levels of biological organization
Biome
Source:
tschwartz

35. A habitat differs from a niche
A habitat is all aspects of the area in which an organism lives. (location)
An ecological niche includes all of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce.
(Role in ecosystem)
food
Behavior 35

36. Biotic Relationships : (Living interacting with living!)
Interactions within a COMMUNITY include:
Symbiosis (sym-together; bio-life)
Predator/Prey
Competition

37. Three Types of Symbiosis
Mutualism - both species benefit
Commensalism- one species benefits, the other is unaffected
Parasitism- one species benefits, the other is harmed

38. 1. Mutualism EXAMPLES of SYMBIOSIS: Otters and Kelp
The otters help the kelp by eating the sea urchins which endanger it. The kelp provides and anchor for the otters while they sleep.

39. 2. Commensalism EXAMPLES of SYMBIOSIS: The cattle egret and cows
The cattle help the egret who look for grasshoppers and beetles that are raised by the cows. Now and then they sit on the back of a cow, looking for ticks and flies. This does not effect the cattle in any way.

40. 3. Parasitism EXAMPLES of SYMBIOSIS: Tapeworms Example: Bedbugs
Bedbugs are small, nocturnal parasites that come out of hiding at night to feed on unsuspecting humans.  They feed exclusively on blood!  Their bites often result in an allergic reaction.
Tapeworms
The host of the cucumber tapeworm is a dog or a cat (occasionally a human). the dog or cat becomes contaminated when the eggs are passed in the feces,

41. Predation occurs when one organism captures and eats another.
(Completely kills vs. parasitism = slowly feeds off of another) 41

42. Predator / Prey Interactions
Predator and prey interactions in a community can lead to development of unique adaptations in a population like camouflage and mimicry.

43. Species Interactions in an Ecosystem

44. Complete both TicKet Outs
Complete both TicKet Outs! Use your notes to complete the questions and turn in today!