1. IL-33 treatment improves restorative macrophages (MΦ) but not function.
IL-33 treatment improves restorative macrophages (MΦ) but not function. Mice were infected with five ME49 T. gondii cysts. Thirty days postinfection, IL-33 (or PBS control) treatment was administered by i.m. administration followed by subsequent i.p. boosters every other day for three treatments. Muscle was analyzed 7 d posttreatment. (A) IL-33 treatment regimen during chronic infection. (B) Graphical summaries of absolute number of Tregs, frequency of Tregs of total CD4+ T cells, and Ki67 expression in Tregs by flow cytometric analysis. (C) Representative flow plot of T1/ST2 expression on Tregs from no primary (T1/ST2-biotin) staining control, uninfected cardiotoxin-injured muscle samples, PBS-treated chronically infected muscle samples, and IL-33–treated chronically infected muscle samples (left) and graphical summary (right). Results are representative of single experiment of three to four mice per group. (D) Graphical summary of RORγt expression in skeletal muscle Tregs by flow cytometric analysis. (E) Absolute numbers of Tconv and CD8+ T cells in treated skeletal muscle. (F) IFN-γ expression in CD44+CD8+ T cells. (G) Representative flow plots (left) and graphical summary (right) of MΦ subsets and (H) iNOS expression in total MΦ by flow cytometric analysis. (I) Absolute number of total, inflammatory, and restorative MΦ per gram of muscle. (J) Inverted screen test of PBS- and IL-33–treated mice pre- and posttreatment (max: 60 s). Results are cumulative of n = 2 independent experiments of n ≥ 3–4 mice per group per experiment (B and E–J); error bars represent SD. *p < 0.5, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, Mann–Whitney U test (B [middle and right], C, D, F, and H), Student t test (B [left], E, I, and J), Kruskal–Wallis H test (G).
Richard M. Jin et al. ImmunoHorizons 2018;2:
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