1. Field Sobriety Tests Breath tests
Direct correlation between alcohol in the breath and alcohol in the blood stream

2. Field Sobriety Tests Horizontal gaze nystagmus test
* involuntary jerking of eye as it moves from side to side----can’t be controlled
Walk and turn or one leg stand

3. Collection and preservation of blood
                 
                
                 
                
Collection and preservation of blood
Medically accepted conditions
Nonalcoholic disinfectant Why?
Preservation: airtight container AFTER anticoagulant + preservative added
Need refrigeration- short storage time
Post mortem: collect from different body sites Why? Vitreous humor or urine

4. Analysis of blood for alcohol:
Gas chromotography; high degree of accuracy
Oxidation of alcohol into acetaldehyde

5. Alcohol and the Law All states, possessions, DC  .08% -.10%
.08% = 4 times as likely to have accident
.15% = 25 times as likely to have accident
2000 = federal law .08% = intoxicated driving
By 2003, states lost fed. funding if didn‘t comply
Fed. Law = 0.04% for truckers/bus drivers
Law = submit to alcohol test or lose license for 6-12 months

6. Other Countries Canada, Italy, Switz., U.K.  0.08%
Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands  0.05%
Sweden  0.02%

7. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9
Dependence
Physical dependence occurs when the drug becomes necessary for their body to function normally. An addict attempting to quit all at once could potentially be harmed, or in some cases killed if not treated properly with medical attention sometimes required.
Psychological dependence occurs when a person thinks they need a drug to function normally
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9

8. Controlled Substances Act
CSA, Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act of 1970
regulates the manufacture & distribution of narcotics, stimulants, depressants & hallucinogens
Based on addictiveness and federal laws which make them illegal
There are 5 schedules of drugs with I being the most addictive and V being the least.
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9

9. Schedule
Definition
Examples I
no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse
Heroin, LSD, marijuana, ecstasy II
high potential for abuse, leading to severe psychological or physical dependence
cocaine, methamphetamine, Demerol, oxycodone, fentanyl, Dexedrine, Adderall, & Ritalin
III
moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence
Tylenol with codeine, ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone IV
low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence
Xanax, Darvocet, Valium V
lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV and consist of limited quantities of certain narcotics
Robitussin AC, Lyrica

10. Schedule I
Schedule I drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Some examples of Schedule I drugs are:
heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana (cannabis), 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), methaqualone, and peyote
From DEA Website 9/2016

11. Schedule II
Schedule II drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence. These drugs are also considered dangerous. Some examples of are:
Combination products with less than 15 mg of hydrocodone per dosage unit (Vicodin), cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin), fentanyl, Dexedrine, Adderall, and Ritalin
FFrom DEA Website 9/2016

12. Schedule III
Schedule III drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence. Schedule III drugs abuse potential is less than Schedule I and Schedule II drugs but more than Schedule IV. Some examples are:
Products containing less than 90 milligrams of codeine per dosage unit (Tylenol with codeine), ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone
From DEA Website 9/2016

13. Schedule IV
Schedule IV drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence. Some examples of Schedule IV drugs are:
Xanax, Soma, Darvon, Darvocet, Valium, Ativan, Talwin, Ambien, Tramadol
From DEA Website 9/2016

14. Schedule V
Schedule V drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV and consist of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics. Schedule V drugs are generally used for antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic purposes. Some examples are:
cough preparations with less than 200 mg of codeine or per 100 milliliters (Robitussin AC), Lomotil, Motofen, Lyrica, Parepectolin
From DEA Website 9/2016

15. Color Tests (Spot test)
Done on a spot plate or in a test tube
Normally destroys the sample
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9

16. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9
Marquis
2% formaldehyde in sulfuric acid
turns purple in the presence of most opium derivatives
becomes orange-brown with amphetamines & methamphetamines
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9

17. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9
bsapp.com

18. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9
Microscopic Tests
Morphology most commonly used with plant matter such as marijuana look for botanical features
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9

19. Microcrystalline Tests
Allows crystals of an unknown substance to grow to determine what type of drug it is
The size & shape of the crystals are highly characteristic of the drug
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9

20. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9
Gas Chromatography
Comparison of Rf values between questioned and known drugs
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9

21. Spectrophotometry & Mass Spectrometry
Spectrophotometry can be used for probable identification
Mass Spec data can separate a complex mixture and then unequivocally identify each substance in the mixture
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9