1. Birds Birds and more Birds
Marine
Birds
Birds Birds and more Birds

2. All about marine birds What do you know? Bird Facts
Beak Variation and Uses
Prey Capture methods
Habitats and Flyways
Wetlands and Birds
Birds , Birds and More Birds
Fun Facts
Endangered Birds
Quiz
BALD EAGLE
Endangered
4/27/2019
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3. Quick
Quiz
about Marine Birds
NOT GRADED
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4. 1. What makes birds able to fly?
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5. Hollow Bones and Aerodynamics (wing Design)
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6. 2. Bird Beak shapes are based on____________?
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7. Feeding style
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8. 3. What birds are capable of diving head first into the ocean?
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9. Comorants, petrels, penguins
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10. 4. Marine birds typically eat ______________?
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11. Fish, shrimp and crustaceans
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12. 5. Name an endangered Bird
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13. Whooping crane. Bald eagle
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14. 6. Name an extinct bird
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15. Passenger pigeon
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16. 7. What organisms would eat marine birds?
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17. Large fish, sharks turtles and killer whales
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18. 8. What area in Virginia Beach is a part of the Eastern Flyway?
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19. The Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge in Sandbridge
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20. 9. Other than natural predators what factors pose the greatest dangers for Marine Bird survival?
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21. Water pollution, oil pollution, excessive hunting and introduction of non native predators.
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22. 10. Name four common Marine Birds in our area.
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23. Seagulls, Cormorants. Osprey, Ducks, Eagles, Egrets, and Herons
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24. Everything you ever wanted to know about marine birds and more
AQUATIC
BIRD
FACTS
Everything you ever wanted to know about marine birds and more
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25. All birds have similar characteristics.
But many water birds have features that are different from those birds live on land.
Long legs are good for wading
These wings act as flippers
Webbed feet for swimming
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26. How do birds fly
Birds use a combination of light weight bones, wing design, feather design and rapid wing movement to lift their bodies from the ground into the air.
Once airborne the aerodynamics of their body, wings and tail allow them to fly and glide for hours without landing
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27. Note: Camber, angle of attack, creation of lift and drag.
The same principle that enables an airplane wing to stay aloft permits a bird wing to stay aloft.
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28. Separation of feathers produces extra drag, similar to wing flaps on airplane.
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29. A bird’s bones are light but very strong
A bird’s bones are light but very strong. Interior supports are called struts (same as in airplanes).
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30. Flying creatures, particularly birds, have played an immensely important role in inspiring the development of Aviation.
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31. Birds that can float
Birds who can float on water are likely to live near oceans, lakes or rivers. Geese are an example of such a bird.
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32. Marine Birds All reproduce on land.
Marine birds have a large extrarenal pair of salt
glands external to the skull, producing a
concentrated solution of Salt.
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33. Beak Variation and Uses
Pelican
How a beak is shaped indicates how a bird feeds and what it feeds on
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34. 4/27/2019

35. Seabirds Beak Shape “A type” Have a short, hooked beak
used for holding and tearing prey too large to be eaten whole
Examples
– Petrels, shearwaters, albatrosses
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36. Seabirds Beak Shape “B Type” Have a short, streamlined beak
for grabbing prey, usually to
ingest it whole
Examples
– Penguins, razorbills
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37. Seabirds Beak Shape “C Type” Has a straight, narrow beak
Used by plunge divers – does not interfere with dive
Examples
– Boobies, terns
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38. Seabirds Beak Shape “D Type” Has elongated lower beak
Used for feeding while flying
Example - Skimmers
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39. How birds capture food
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40. Seabirds Aerial pursuit Prey Capture Used to chase other birds
and harass them into dropping their
prey
Example – Jaegers, frigate birds
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41. Seabirds Surface plunging Prey Capture Diving to capture prey
near the surface
Examples
– Pelicans, boobies
Diving Birds
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42. Seabirds Dipping Prey Capture Food is captured near the surface
Example
– Gulls
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43. seabirds Pattering Prey Capture
“Walk” along surface, grabbing near-surface prey
Examples
Storm petrels
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44. seabirds Pursuit plunging Prey Capture
Shallow dive with some pursuit of prey underwater
Example – Shearwaters
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45. seabirds Pursuit diving with wings Prey Capture
Pursue prey underwater using wings to swim
Examples – Penguins, puffins
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46. seabirds Prey Capture Pursuit diving with feet Pursue prey
underwater using wings to swim
Ex – Cormorants
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47. HABITATS
AND
FLYWAYS
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48. Diverse Habitats
Birds have adapted to live in many places.
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49. Nesting success might vary between the habitats
because of differences in:
predator densities
competition for nest sites and territories
nesting experience of inhabitants
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50. Migratory Birds major flyways cross national boundaries;
managing populations of migratory birds requires multinational efforts to protect habitats along flyways.
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51. WETLANDS
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52. Estuaries & Coastal Wetlands
Importance:
nutrient rich
high primary productivity
nurseries for fish & other aquatic animals
breeding areas for waterfowl & shorebirds
filter water pollutants
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53. Estuaries & Coastal Wetlands
Human Impacts:
world has lost over half of its estuaries & coastal wetlands
percentage lost in U.S. higher; most lost to coastal development
degradation due to urban runoff, sewage effluent, sediment & chemical runoff from agricultural lands
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54. These are whooping cranes who live in wetlands
These are whooping cranes who live in wetlands. They are endangered because of habitat loss. They need the marshy areas to provide protection to the nests they make.
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55. “Wading Bird Nesting is an Index to Wetland Ecosystem Integrity”
Numbers of White Ibis nests have
decreased 87%, numbers of Wood Stork
nests have decreased 78%, while nests of
the Great Egret nests have increased (competition??)
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56. BIRDS, BIRDS
AND
MORE BIRDS
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57. Marine Birds
Herring Gull
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58. osprey
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59. Wood stork
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60. Wings tucked
into body while
submerged
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61. Diving Duck
Hooded Merganser
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62. Cormorant
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63. Black Skimmer
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64. pelican
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65. Herring gull
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66. Black backed gull
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67. Black Guillemot
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68. petrel
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69. albatross
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70. What is the bill shape?
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71. Canary Islands Oystercatcher
Pallas Cormorant
Canary Islands Oystercatcher
Auckland Islands Merganser
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72. FUN
FACTS
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73. The Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle have phenomenal eyesight and are extraordinary divers, swooping down on their prey from a high altitude and grasping them in their talons.
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74. Flightless Birds
Not all of them can fly.
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75. But they are great divers using their wings as flippers
Penguins cannot fly!
But they are great divers using their wings as flippers
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76. The albatross or “Gooney Bird” has trouble taking off and landing, but soars magnificently over vast stretches of water with enormous endurance.
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77. ENDANGERED
BIRDS
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78. Species Extinction Local extinction: Biological extinction:
Extinction in that locale , but not everywhere
Biological extinction:
Biological extinction is forever and is an
irreversible loss of a unique gene pool that took
millions of years to produce.
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79. endangered
Bonin
Night Heron
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80. Bald Eagles are endangered due to pesticides making eggs infertile
Birds and mammals account for a small amount of the bald eagle diet, but are the source of much of the bald eagles’ pesticide exposure.
Osprey do not feed on tertiary consumers such as fish-eating birds and sea mammals – this results in lower pesticide concentrations.
For the reference back to the osprey the students can pull out their graphs and compare the DDE levels in osprey versus bald eagles.
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81. Whooping crane comeback
Captive breeding programs, such as this one at the Patuxent Environmental Science Center in Laurel, Maryland, have allowed endangered whooping cranes to make a remarkable comeback.
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82. The Passenger Pigeon Gone Forever
The Passenger Pigeon, once the most numerous bird species on the planet, lived in the primary forests that once covered North America.
Total populations reached 5 billion individuals which was 40% of the total number of birds in North America.
This may be the only species for which the exact time of extinction is known.
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83. Uncontrolled commercial hunting lead to its extinction
The Passenger Pigeon Gone Forever
Uncontrolled commercial hunting lead to its extinction
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84. Sustaining (Wild) Species
Gone forever
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85. Cattle Egret Introduced species from Africa
Benefits: It associates with cattle, eating the insects that they stir up. Many of the insects they eat are considered pest species.
This species is an example of how human societies have actually helped species, by having cattle farms, rather than harming them.
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86. Cattle Egret
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87. Current Crisis of Depletion & Extinction
Current global extinction rate of species is
100 – 1,000 times than natural background extinction rate.
Species that are under thread of extinction
34% of fish
25% of amphibians
12% of birds
24% of mammals
20% of reptiles
14% of plants
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88. The state of US Species Diversity
Our road to extinction
67%
Secure or
apparently
secure
1% Other
16%
Vulnerable 8%
Endangered 7%
Critically
endangered 1%
Probably extinct
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89. Endangered and Threatened Species
Endangered species has so few individual
survivors that the species could soon become
extinct.
Almost 30,000 of the word’s species (1.200 in
US) are officially listed as being in danger of
becoming extinct.
Threatened (vulnerable) species is still abundant,
but is declining in numbers & likely to become
endangered.
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90. Human caused Extinction of over 600 known species
bushy seaside sparrow
passenger pigeon
dodo
Aepyornis
great awk
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91. Threatened & Endangered Species
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92. Threatened & Endangered Species
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93. Threatened & Endangered Species
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94. Poaching for animal products such as
ivory or Rhinoceros horns works only
if there is a demand
Rhinoceros horns
Elephant with ivory tusk removed and left to die
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95. Wildlife Management Laws regulating hunting and fishing Harvest quotas
Population management plants
Improving habitat
Treaties and laws for migrating species
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96. Conclusions
It is much cheaper and more beneficial to protect ecosystems and animals before they are degraded than to try and restore them afterward.
Species may be lost before the restoration begins, and it may not be possible to fully restore any given ecosystem.
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97. THE END
Marine Birds
Click on Pelican to return to main CD Selection Menu ~ Click anywhere else to go to Quiz

98. QUIZ
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99. How well did you pay attention?
Teacher
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100. 1. What makes birds able to fly?
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101. 2. Bird Beak shapes are based on____________?
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102. 3. What birds are capable of diving head first into the ocean?
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103. 4. Marine birds typically eat ______________?
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104. 5. Name an endangered Bird
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105. 6. Name an extinct bird
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106. 7. What organisms would eat marine birds?
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107. 8. What area in Virginia Beach is a part of the Eastern Flyway?
4/27/2019

108. 9. Other than natural predators what factors pose the greatest dangers for Marine Bird survival?
4/27/2019

109. 10. Name four common Marine Birds in our area.
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