1. How Does Science Separate Myths from Reality?
Scientific Method

2. Scientific Method Observation Hypothesis Test Hypothesis Conclusion
Prediction
Test Hypothesis
Experiment
Further Observations
Conclusion

3. Edward Jenner
Credited as the pioneer of the Smallpox vaccine
Applied the principles of the scientific method

4. Observation
Smallpox is deadly
(and it looks really really bad)

5. Observation Survivors are immune
(and you’ll be left with really nasty scars)

6. Observation
Milkmaids do not get smallpox

7. Observation
Milkmaids get cowpox from cows

8. Cowpox Makes You Immune to Smallpox
Hypothesis
Cowpox Makes You Immune to Smallpox

9. Prediction
If you are exposed to cowpox, you will be immune to smallpox

10. Experiment

11. Results
Boy did not get smallpox

12. Conclusion
Hypothesis supported

13. Robert Koch 1843-1910 Identified the bacterium that causes anthrax
Identified the bacterium that causes tuberculosis

14. Louis Pasteur 1822-1895 Invented Pasteurization
Developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax
Demonstrated the existence of germs

15. A New Scientific Theory Explains the Observations of Many Scientists
Edward Jenner
Smallpox
Louis Pasteur
Rabies and anthrax
Robert Koch
Tuberculosis and anthrax

16. Theory vs Scientific Theory
Theory (as used outside of science)
Speculation
Guess
Has not been tested

17. Scientific Theory Tested many times Explains many different phenomena
Makes predictions
Falsifiable

18. Jeff’s Lost Dog Jeff’s beloved dog is missing (observation)
I love my dog
Jeff thinks the dog has run away (hypothesis)
What can falsify his hypothesis?
Jeff finds his dog asleep in the house

19. Two ways we can test hypotheses
Observation
Jeff found his dog asleep in the house
Scientists find the same bacterium in the bodies of people who die of the plague
Experiment
- Jenner vaccinates boy with cowpox and later infects him with smallpox. The boy does not get smallpox.

20. 100 Sick People Experimental group Control group 50 People 50 People
Medicine X
Control group
50 People
Placebo

21. Three Days Later Experimental group Control group 34 Better 33 Better
Medicine X
Control group
33 Better
Placebo

22. Why does this frog have extra legs?
Website

23. Law vs Theory Law Observation that has been repeated numerous times
Law of gravity
Does not explain the observation
Theory
Explains why or how something in nature happens

24. Major Scientific Theories
Germ Theory of Disease
Germs cause infectious disease
Atomic Theory
Matter is made if tiny atoms
Gene Theory (Chromosomal Theory)
Genes on chromosomes determine heredity
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells

25. Science A body of knowledge gained from studying the natural world
It is tested against the natural world
Does not use supernatural explanations
Its conclusions are not absolute.
New discoveries can revise previous conclusions
It is falsifiable