1. Lesson 1 The Respiratory System Lesson 2 The Circulatory System
Chapter Introduction
Lesson 1 The Respiratory System
Lesson 2 The Circulatory System
Lesson 3 Blood
Lesson 4 The Lymphatic System
Chapter Wrap-Up
Bo Tornvig/Getty Images
Chapter Menu

2. How do the respiratory and circulatory systems help maintain the body’s homeostasis?
Chapter Introduction

3. What do you think?
Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.
Chapter Introduction

4. Do you agree or disagree?
1. Breathing and respiration are the same.
2. Lungs are the only parts of the body that use oxygen.
3. There are four chambers in a human heart.
4. Blood travels in both directions in veins.
Chapter Introduction

5. Do you agree or disagree?
5. All blood cells are red.
6. Blood plasma is just water.
7. Lymph nodes are only in the neck.
8. The lymphatic system helps fight infections to maintain a healthy body.
Chapter Introduction

6. The Respiratory System
What does the respiratory system do?
How do the parts of the respiratory system work together?
How does the respiratory system interact with other body systems?
Lesson 1 Reading Guide

7. The Respiratory System
breathing
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
alveoli
diaphragm
Lesson 1 Reading Guide

8. Functions of the Respiratory System
Breathing is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Breathing enables your respiratory system to take in oxygen and to eliminate carbon dioxide.
Lesson 1

9. Functions of the Respiratory System (cont.)
Every cell in your body needs oxygen for a series of chemical reactions called cellular respiration.
During cellular respiration, oxygen and sugars react, releasing energy a cell can use.
Your respiratory system removes carbon dioxide and other waste gases from your body, so that cells can function.
Lesson 1

10. Functions of the Respiratory System (cont.)
What does the respiratory system do?
Lesson 1

11. Organs of the Respiratory System
Cilia line the nose and most other airways in the respiratory system.
Wavelike motions of the cilia carry trapped particles away from your lungs.
The cilia help prevent harmful particles from getting very far into your respiratory system.
Lesson 1

12. Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
What function do cilia have in the respiratory system?
Lesson 1

13. Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
The pharynx is a tubelike passageway at the top of the throat that receives air, food, and liquids from the mouth or nose.
The epiglottis is a flap of tissue at the lower end of the pharynx that keeps food and liquids from entering the rest of the respiratory system.
Lesson 1

14. Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
Air passes from the pharynx into a triangle-shaped area called the voice box or larynx.
Two thick folds of tissue in the larynx—the vocal cords—vibrate and make sounds as air passes over them.
Air then enters the trachea, a tube that is held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage.
Lesson 1

15. Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
Lesson 1

16. Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
The trachea branches into two narrower tubes called bronchi that lead into the lungs.
Lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system.
Inside the lungs, the bronchi continue to branch into smaller and narrower tubes called bronchioles.
Lesson 1

17. Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
In the lungs, the bronchioles end in microscopic sacs, or pouches, called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
alveoli
from Latin alveus, means “cavity”
Lesson 1

18. Gas Exchange
Lesson 1

19. Breathing and Air Pressure
Below the lungs is a large muscle called the diaphragm that contracts and relaxes and moves air in and out of your lungs.
The movement of your diaphragm causes changes in the air pressure inside your chest.
Air rushes into and out of the lungs to equalize the air pressure inside and outside the body.
Lesson 1

20. Lesson 1

21. Breathing and Air Pressure (cont.)
During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves down, enlarging the space around the lungs.
During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves up, reducing the space around the lungs.
Lesson 1

22. Respiratory Health
Some respiratory illnesses make breathing difficult and can even become life-threatening.
The best way to maintain good respiratory health is to stay away from irritants and air pollution.
Lesson 1

23. Lesson 1

24. The Respiratory System and Homeostasis
The interaction between the muscular system and the respiratory system brings oxygen into your lungs and removes carbon dioxide, helping to maintain homeostasis.
Lesson 1

25. The Respiratory System and Homeostasis (cont.)
How do the respiratory and muscular systems work together to maintain your body’s homeostasis?
Lesson 1

26. Air enters the body through the nose and mouth
Air enters the body through the nose and mouth. It passes through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea on its way into the lungs.
Lesson 1

27. Inside the lungs, air moves through bronchi and bronchioles to the alveoli, where gas exchange takes place.
Lesson 1

28. Breathing results from air pressure changes inside the chest that are created by the movement of the diaphragm muscle.
Lesson 1

29. D. cellular respiration
During which process do oxygen and sugars react to release energy a cell can use?
A. breathing
B. inhalation
C. exhalation
D. cellular respiration
Lesson 1

30. What is the tubelike passageway at the top of the throat that receives air, food, and liquids from the mouth or nose?
A. larynx
B. pharynx
C. trachea
D. bronchi
Lesson 1

31. In what part of the lungs does gas exchange occur?
A. bronchi
B. trachea
C. alveoli
D. diaphragm
Lesson 1

32. 1. Breathing and respiration are the same.
Do you agree or disagree?
1. Breathing and respiration are the same.
2. Lungs are the only parts of the body that use oxygen.
Lesson 1

33. The Circulatory System
What does the circulatory system do?
How do parts of the circulatory system work together?
How does the circulatory system interact with other body systems?
Lesson 2 Reading Guide

34. The Circulatory System
atrium
ventricle
artery
capillary
vein
systemic circulation
coronary circulation
pulmonary circulation
atherosclerosis
Lesson 2 Reading Guide

35. Functions of the Circulatory System
Your circulatory system is important for transporting materials from one part of your body to another.
Blood carries food, water, oxygen, and other materials through your circulatory system to your body’s cells and tissues.
Lesson 2

36. Functions of the Circulatory System (cont.)
As blood travels through the circulatory system, it picks up carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration and wastes produced by all the other chemical reactions that take place inside cells.
Lesson 2

37. Functions of the Circulatory System (cont.)
What does the circulatory system do?
Lesson 2

38. Circulatory System Organs
The heart is a muscle that pushes blood through the circulatory system.
Blood enters the upper two chambers of the heart, called the atria.
Blood leaves through the lower two chambers of the heart, called the ventricles.
Lesson 2

39. Image Source/Jupiterimages
Lesson 2

40. Lesson 2

41. Lesson 2

42. Lesson 2

43. Circulatory System Organs (cont.)
A vessel that takes blood away from the heart is an artery.
Blood pressure in arteries is high because arteries are near the pumping action of the heart.
The aorta, the largest artery, carries a large volume of blood.
Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles.
Lesson 2

44. Lesson 2

45. Circulatory System Organs (cont.)
Arterioles branch into capillaries, tiny blood vessels that deliver supplies to individual cells and take away waste materials.
A vessel that brings blood toward the heart is a vein.
The pressure in veins is lower than in arteries because capillaries separate veins from the pumping action of the heart.
Lesson 2

46. Circulatory System Organs (cont.)
Capillaries join and form larger vessels called venules, and venules join and form veins.
The inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower half of your body to your heart and is the largest vein.
Lesson 2

47. Circulatory System Organs (cont.)
How do the heart and the blood vessels work together?
Lesson 2

48. Types of Circulation
Systemic circulation is the network of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body and from the body back to the heart.
A network of arteries and veins called the coronary circulation supplies blood to all the cells of the heart.
Lesson 2

49. Image Source/Jupiterimages
Lesson 2

50. Types of Circulation (cont.)
The network of vessels that carries blood to and from the lungs is called pulmonary circulation.
Pulmonary circulation carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the heart.
Lesson 2

51. Types of Circulation (cont.)
pulmonary
from Latin pulmonarius, means “of the lungs”
Lesson 2

52. Circulatory System Health
Circulatory diseases are illnesses that occur when some part of the circulatory system stops working properly.
Blood pressure higher than 140/90 mm Hg is known as hypertension, or high blood pressure.
The buildup of fatty material within the walls of arteries that can interfere with blood flow is called atherosclerosis.
Lesson 2

53. Circulatory System Health (cont.)
A heart attack happens when part of the heart muscle dies or is damaged.
A heart attack is usually caused when not enough oxygen reaches cells in the heart.
A stroke happens when part of the brain dies or is damaged because there is not enough oxygen reaching cells in the brain.
Lesson 2

54. Most heart attacks occur when a coronary vessel is blocked.
Lesson 2

55. Most strokes occur when a vessel in the brain is blocked.
Lesson 2

56. Circulatory System Health (cont.)
Heart failure occurs when the heart is not working efficiently.
Most circulatory system disorder risk factors can be controlled by eating a healthy diet, controlling weight, exercising, and not smoking.
Lesson 2

57. The Circulatory System and Homeostasis
Once oxygen enters your body, the respiratory system interacts with the circulatory system and transports oxygen to your body’s cells.
It also transports nutrients from the digestive system and hormones from the endocrine system.
The nervous system regulates your heartbeat.
Lesson 2

58. The Circulatory System and Homeostasis (cont.)
How do the circulatory system and the respiratory system work together to maintain homeostasis?
Lesson 2

59. The contractions of the heart push blood through the circulatory system.
Lesson 2

60. Arteries and veins carry blood throughout the body
Arteries and veins carry blood throughout the body. Materials move between blood and cells through capillary walls.
Lesson 2

61. Coronary circulation supplies blood to heart cells.
Lesson 2

62. A. coronary circulation B. pulmonary circulation C. heart circulation
Which of these describes the network of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body and from the body back to the heart?
A. coronary circulation
B. pulmonary circulation
C. heart circulation
D. systemic circulation
Lesson 2

63. What is the name for the upper two chambers of the heart?
A. atria
B. ventricles
C. arteries
D. capillaries
Lesson 2

64. What does pulmonary circulation carry from the heart to the lungs?
A. oxygen
B. oxygen-rich blood
C. venules
D. oxygen-poor blood
Lesson 2

65. 3. There are four chambers in a human heart.
Do you agree or disagree?
3. There are four chambers in a human heart.
4. Blood travels in both directions in veins.
Lesson 2

66. Blood What does the blood do? How do the parts of the blood differ?
Lesson 3 Reading Guide

67. Blood
platelet
plasma
Rh factor
Lesson 3 Reading Guide

68. Functions of Bloodstream
Blood transports many different substances throughout your body.
Most of the substances carried in blood are dissolved in the liquid part of blood.
Some blood cells fight infection and help protect you from harmful organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Lesson 3

69. Functions of Bloodstream (cont.)
Blood helps your body maintain a steady temperature of about 37°C.
When your body temperature rises, blood vessels near the surface of your skin widen, increasing blood flow to your skin’s surface and releasing more thermal energy to the air.
Lesson 3

70. Functions of Bloodstream (cont.)
When your body temperature lowers, the vessels at your skin’s surface get narrower, decreasing blood flow to the surface of your skin and reducing the amount of thermal energy that is lost to the air.
What does the blood do?
Lesson 3

71. Parts of Blood
Blood is considered a tissue because it is made up of different kinds of cells that work together.
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, iron-rich protein molecules.
In the alveoli, oxygen binds to the hemoglobin and is released when red blood cells come into close contact with body cells.
Lesson 3

72. Parts of Blood (cont.)
White blood cells protect your body from illness and infection.
Most white blood cells last only a few days and are constantly replaced.
You have far fewer white blood cells than red blood cells.
Lesson 3

73. Blood consists of four main parts: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
Lesson 3

74. Parts of Blood (cont.)
Platelets are small, irregularly shaped pieces of cells that plug wounds and stop bleeding by producing proteins.
The yellowish, liquid part of blood that transports blood cells, is called plasma.
Plasma is 90 percent water, which helps thin the blood, enabling it to travel through small blood vessels.
Lesson 3

75. Blood Clot Formation
Lesson 3

76. Parts of Blood (cont.)
How do the parts of blood differ?
Lesson 3

77. Blood Types
Blood type refers to the type of proteins, or antigens, on red blood cells.
The four human blood types are A, B, AB, and O.
Type A blood cells have the A antigen.
Type B cells have the B antigen.
Type AB has both A and B antigens.
Type O has no antigens.
Lesson 3

78. Blood Types (cont.)
People with types A, B, and O blood have clumping proteins in their plasma.
plasma
from Greek plassein, means “to mold”
Lesson 3

79. Blood Types (cont.) Type AB blood has no clumping proteins.
People with AB blood are known as “universal recipients” because they can receive transfusions of any blood type.
Lesson 3

80. Blood Types (cont.)
Type O blood has clumping proteins that attack both A and B antigens.
People with type O blood are known as “universal donors” because they can donate blood to anyone.
Lesson 3

81. Lesson 3

82. Blood Types (cont.)
Another protein found on red blood cells is a chemical marker called the Rh factor.
People with blood cells that have this protein are Rh positive and those without are Rh negative.
Blood types usually have a plus (+) sign or a minus (–) sign to indicate whether a person is Rh positive or negative.
Lesson 3

83. Blood Disorders
Some medical conditions disrupt the normal functions of blood.
People with hemophilia lack a protein needed to clot blood.
People with anemia have low numbers of red blood cells or not enough hemoglobin.
Cancer of the bone marrow, or leukemia, can slow or prevent blood cell formation and lead to a damaged immune system.
Lesson 3

84. Blood Disorders (cont.)
People who inherit sickle cell disease have red blood cells shaped like crescents.
Sickle cells can prevent oxygen from reaching tissues and cause sickle cell anemia.
Lesson 3

85. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen. White blood cells help fight disease.
Lesson 3

86. Platelets are pieces of cells that aid in blood clotting.
Lesson 3

87. Blood type is determined by antigens on the surface of red blood cells and clumping proteins in blood plasma.
Lesson 3

88. Which of these contains hemoglobin?
A. white blood cells
B. red blood cells
C. platelets
D. vessels
Lesson 3

89. Which of these protects your body from illness and infection?
A. red blood cells
B. hemoglobin
C. white blood cells
D. platelets
Lesson 3

90. What are the four human blood types?
A. A, B, AB, and BA
B. A, B, AB, and O
C. A, B, AB, and C
D. A, B, AB, and AA
Lesson 3

91. 6. Blood plasma is just water.
Do you agree or disagree?
5. All blood cells are red.
6. Blood plasma is just water.
Lesson 3

92. The Lymphatic System What does the lymphatic system do?
How do the parts of the lymphatic system work together?
How does the lymphatic system interact with other body systems?
Lesson 4 Reading Guide

93. The Lymphatic System lymphatic system lymph lymph node thymus spleen
Lesson 4 Reading Guide

94. Functions of the Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is part of the immune system and helps destroy microorganisms that enter the body.
There are four main functions of the lymphatic system.
It absorbs some of the tissue fluid that collects around cells.
It absorbs fats from the digestive system and transports them to the circulatory system.
Lesson 4

95. Functions of the Lymphatic System (cont.)
It filters dead cells, viruses, bacteria, and other unneeded particles from tissue fluid and then returns the tissue fluid to the circulatory system.
It helps fight off illness and infections and includes structures in which white blood cells develop.
Lesson 4

96. Functions of the Lymphatic System (cont.)
What does the lymphatic system do?
Lesson 4

97. Parts of the Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system includes lymph vessels and the fluid they carry.
Water, white blood cells, and dissolved materials such as salts and glucose make up tissue fluid, which leaks out of capillary walls and into the spaces that surround tissue cells.
Cells absorb materials they need from tissue fluid and release wastes into it.
Lesson 4

98. Parts of the Lymphatic System (cont.)
About 10 percent of the tissue fluid is absorbed by the lymph vessels and is called lymph.
lymph
from Latin lympha, means “water”
Lesson 4

99. Lymph vessels transport lymph by contraction of the muscles you use to move your body.
C Squared Studios/Getty Images
Lesson 4

100. Parts of the Lymphatic System (cont.)
Lymph vessels include clusters of small, spongy structures called lymph nodes that filter particles, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, from lymph.
Lymph nodes store white blood cells that attack and destroy the trapped particles.
Large groups of lymph nodes, found in the neck, groin, and armpits, swell when your body increases its production of white blood cells to fight infection.
Lesson 4

101. Parts of the Lymphatic System (cont.)
Lymphocytes are white blood cells that destroy infection-causing microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria.
Lymphocytes include B cells, which mature in the bone marrow, and T cells, which mature in the thymus.
Lesson 4

102. Immature T cells move from bone marrow the to the thymus.
Lesson 4

103. Parts of the Lymphatic System (cont.)
How do bone marrow and the thymus work together?
Lesson 4

104. Parts of the Lymphatic System (cont.)
Mature B cells and T cells move into the lymph and blood to help fight infection.
The spleen is an organ of the lymphatic system that recycles worn-out red blood cells and produces and stores lymphocytes.
Tonsils are lymph tissues in your throat that help protect your body from infection by trapping and destroying pathogens that enter your nose and mouth.
Lesson 4

105. Lymph Diseases and Disorders
Damage to the lymphatic system from injury or surgery can prevent tissue fluid from draining into lymph vessels.
Tissue fluid might then build up around cells and cause swelling.
Lesson 4

106. Lymph Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
vessel
Science Use a tube through which a body fluid travels
Common Use a container for holding something
Lesson 4

107. Lymph Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
If the cells of your tonsils become infected, you have tonsillitis—an inflammation of the tonsils.
The uncontrolled production of white blood cells is a type of cancer called lymphoma.
Lesson 4

108. The Lymphatic System and Homeostasis
The lymphatic system helps maintain your body’s homeostasis by regulating fluid buildup around cells.
It supports the circulatory system by cleaning fluids and replacing them in the bloodstream.
Lesson 4

109. The lymphatic system helps maintain homeostasis by removing excess fluid, removing wastes, and fighting infection.
Lesson 4

110. The Lymphatic System and Homeostasis (cont.)
How does the lymphatic system interact with the circulatory and immune systems?
Lesson 4

111. Tissue fluid that drains into the lymph vessels becomes lymph.
Lesson 4

112. The lymphatic system consists of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph, and several other organs.
C Squared Studios/Getty Images
Lesson 4

113. The lymphatic system cleans lymph, fights infection, and includes structures in which white blood cells develop.
Lesson 4

114. What is the name of the clusters of small, spongy structures that filter particles from lymph?
A. spleen
B. thymus
C. lymph nodes
D. tonsils
Lesson 4

115. Which organ recycles worn-out red blood cells and produces lymphocytes?
A. spleen
B. thymus
C. lymph vessels
D. lymph node
Lesson 4

116. Where do T cells complete their development?
A. bone marrow
B. spleen
C. thymus
D. tonsils
Lesson 4

117. 7. Lymph nodes are only in the neck.
Do you agree or disagree?
7. Lymph nodes are only in the neck.
8. The lymphatic system helps fight infections to maintain a healthy body.
Lesson 4

118. Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice
Key Concept Summary
Interactive Concept Map
Chapter Review
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter Review Menu

119. The respiratory and circulatory systems move materials through the body and remove wastes.
The BIG Idea

120. Lesson 1: The Respiratory System
The respiratory system provides the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
In the lungs, oxygen is carried by the bronchi and the bronchioles to the alveoli.
The respiratory system works with the circulatory and muscular systems to maintain homeostasis.
Key Concepts 1

121. Lesson 2: The Circulatory System
The circulatory system moves materials throughout the body.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Capillaries allow the exchange of materials between blood and body cells. Veins return blood to the heart.
The circulatory system works with the respiratory, digestive, nervous, and endocrine systems to maintain homeostasis.
Image Source/Jupiterimages
Key Concepts 2

122. Lesson 3: Blood
Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes; protects against illness and injury; and regulates body temperature.
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen. White blood cells fight infection. Platelets help stop bleeding. Plasma is the liquid portion of blood.
Key Concepts 3

123. Lesson 4: The Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system drains away excess tissue fluid and produces white blood cells that fight infection.
Lymph nodes filter lymph. The spleen recycles worn-out red blood cells. B cells and T cells produced in the bone marrow fight disease-causing organisms. T cells mature in the thymus.
The lymphatic system works together with the circulatory system to regulate the amount of fluid between cells.
C Squared Studios/Getty Images
Key Concepts 4

124. B. arteries D. ventricles
Which term describes the tiny blood vessels that deliver supplies to individual cells and take away waste materials?
A. capillaries C. veins
B. arteries D. ventricles
Chapter Review - MC

125. Which of these contains two thick folds of tissue that vibrate and make sounds as air passes over them?
A. pharynx C. trachea
B. larynx D. brochi
Chapter Review - MC

126. What are the two lower chambers of the heart, through which blood leaves the heart?
A. ventricles
B. atria
C. artery
D. aorta
Chapter Review - MC

127. What are the small, irregularly shaped pieces of cells that plug wounds and stop bleeding?
A. ventricles
B. plasma
C. platelets
D. clots
Chapter Review - MC

128. What is the name for the clusters of lymph tissue on the sides of your throat?
A. lymph nodes
B. white blood cells
C. tonsils
D. lymph vessels
Chapter Review - MC

129. Breathing is the movement of air into and out of which organ?
A. diaphragm
B. lungs
C. trachea
D. nose
Chapter Review - MC

130. What is the name for the tubular part of the respiratory system held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage?
A. larynx C. bronchi
B. pharynx D. trachea
Chapter Review - MC

131. What muscle pushes blood through the circulatory system?
A. ventricle
B. artery
C. heart
D. vein
Chapter Review - MC

132. What term refers to the liquid part of blood?
A. red blood cells
B. platelets
C. white blood cells
D. plasma
Chapter Review - MC

133. A. lymphatic C. pulmonary B. circulatory D. respiratory
Which system is part of the immune system and helps destroy microorganisms that enter the body?
A. lymphatic C. pulmonary
B. circulatory D. respiratory
Chapter Review - MC