1. Unit 3: Organization of Life Pt 1
Miss Hawkins
Biology 30

2. Classification Systems
Why do we need to have classification systems? How do they meet human needs?
Brings order to chaos
There is comfort in predictability
Common ground for clarity of communication
Taxonomy is human attempt to impose order on nature not real boundaries among organisms

3. FNMI understandings of relationships among living things
Mother nature gives birth to, nurtures and sustains all life
Indigenous people are caretakers of Mother Earth and respect her gifts of water, air and fire.
Relationship based on the spiritual connection to Mother Earth
Everything is taken and used with the understanding that we take only what we need and we must be aware of how we take and how much so that future generations will not be left without

4. FNMI understandings of relationships among living things
The deep interconnectedness of relationships with all living things is referred to as the Sacred Circle of Life. First Nations teachings guide us to show respect for all within the circle.
Circle of Life includes a connection to Mother Earth and all that the Universe contains:
Other people (personal relationships, family, neighbours, communities, nations), plant beings and four legged brothers and sisters, the finned and flying beings and the Great Spirit that animates all.

5. Taxonomy
Current classification system in biology: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Prior to this, a scientific name consisted of generic name combined with a specific name.

6. Carolus Linnaeus: The Father of Taxonomy
Carl formed a two-part naming systems we use to classify all life forms called binomial nomenclature (2 word naming system). He classifies living things be looking for similarities in homologous structures.
He divided organisms into two major kingdoms: plant and animal, then divided into smaller groupings - the smaller the grouping the more alike the members of the group were.

7. Common VS Scientific Names
Common names vary from place to place and person to person
Scientific names are the same everywhere
Scientific names are made from Latin words- it was the language scientists used in the 18th century
Binomial nomenclature: The first word names a larger group genus, the second word names a smaller group species.
Rules for naming:
Written in italics or underlined
Genus (first word) is always CAPITALIZED
Species (second word) is always lowercase
Species name will tell you what type of organism it is. The genus name will be the adjective that describes the organism.

8. Classic Taxonomy
The most general category in classic taxonomic classification is domain: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya - all species belong to one of these 3 - within these are kingdoms followed by phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Does King Phillip Come Over For Good Spaghetti
Evolution of classic taxonomy - the discovery of microscopes helped go from 2 kingdoms to 3 kingdoms after the discovery of protists
Modern technology and technique advancements have seen a recent addition of 3 domains and 6 kingdoms

10. Relatedness: Basis for Classification
Related organisms are believed to have the same or common ancestors
Homologous structures - similar structures that developed in the same way but look different on the outside. Taxonomists place them in the same category Ex: arm of a human and the wing of a bat
Analogous structures - structures that have similar functions but have developed in different ways. Taxonomists place them in different categories Ex: wing of a bird and wing of an insect
Chemical tests - blood analysis is one of many tests. Taxonomists out organisms with the same test results in the same category Ex: blood in whales is more closely related to a human than to fish

11. Relatedness: Basis for Classification
Life history of organisms (Embryology): the study of how organisms develop and reproduce. Taxonomists put organisms with the same development in the same category Ex: the embryos of humans and pigs are more alike than humans and salamanders
Breeding studies (Biogenesis): If two organisms breed and produce offspring that also produce the same kind of offspring they belong to the same species Ex: if a dog comes from a dog, comes from a dog, it must be a dog

12. Dichotomous Keys What is a dichotomous key?
A tool used to identify the scientific name of organisms
It consists of a series of “either or” choices that lead the user to the scientific name of a given item. Dichotomous means “divided into two parts”.
Use the dichotomous key handout to identify the creatures

13. Create your own dichotomous key
How to build a dichotomous key:
1. Use the most general traits that can be used to divide organisms up into two categories. These two categories will become 1a and 1b
Example: 1a…………………………….. Go to 2
1b…………………………….. Go to 3
2. The second step (2a and 2b) needs to consist of a pair of statements that will allow for the identification of one organism (2b should identify one organism)
3. Every statement after the second should allow for the identification of one or two organisms
4. The last pair of statements should identify two organisms

14. Modern Taxonomy
Cladistics - form of analysis that looks at features of organisms that are considered “innovations”.
Cladograms and phylogenetic trees attempt to visually demonstrate evolutionary relationships
Cladograms - emphasize the sequence or order in which derived characteristics arise from a central phylogenetic tree (main strength). However the cladogram does not indicate how strong or profound the derived character is and its evolutionary importance
Phylogenetic Trees - cladistics in a PT ignores when and where the branch occurs, tries to use purely objective criteria and defines each branch point by a fundamental character of evolutionary significance

15. Modern Taxonomy

16. Multicellular Kingdoms
There are 3 domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya
These are broken down into 6 kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

17. Kingdom Animalia All animals are multicellular & eukaryotic
All animals are heterotrophic
All animals lack cell walls
All reproduce sexually
Animals are capable of movement
Found in diverse environments

18. Animalia: Multicellular
Unlike unicellular organisms, the cells of multicellular organisms do not lead independent lives
Each cell depends on the presence of functioning of other cells
Specialization is the adaptation of a cell for a particular function
Most animal bodies are composed of combinations of different kinds of cells specialized for a specific task which is known as a tissue.
Multicellularity and cell specialization have enabled organisms to evolve and adapt to many environments

19. Animalia: Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic - obtaining energy from outside sources (organic molecules)
Most animals accomplish this by ingestion. During ingestion, an animal takes in organic matter.
Digestion then occurs within the animal’s body and carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and proteins are extracted from the material

20. Animalia: Reproduction & Development
Most animals can reproduce sexually, and some can also reproduce asexually
Sexual reproduction: 2 haploid gametes fuse This diploid zygote (first cell of a new individual) undergoes mitotic division
Development, the dividing cells undergo differentiation. During differentiation cells become different (blood cells, bones cells etc) - this is the path to specialization

21. Animalia: Movement
Most animals move about in their environment, but some like barnacles spend most of their lives attaches to a surface
The ability to move results from the interrelationship of two types of tissue found ONLY in animals - nervous tissue and muscle tissue

22. Animalia: Body Shape
Range from those that lack true tissues and an organized shape like a sponge to those that have very organized tissues and a consistent body shape
Radial symmetry- Forms that can be divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through it.
Ex: Jellyfish and hydra
Bilateral symmetry - two similar halves on either side of a central plane
Ex: Flatworms and lobster

23. Animalia: Invertebrates and Vertebrates
The animalia kingdom is classified into 2 categories:
Invertebrates - animals without a backbone
Vertebrates - animals with a backbone
9 major phyla: 8 being invertebrate and 1 vertebrate
Invertebrate Phylum Vertebrate Phylum Phylum Porifera Phylum Chordata Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Nematoda Phylum Annelida Phylum Mollusca Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Echinodermata

24. Animalia: Phylums Phylum Chordata- Frog, snake, shark, turtle, human
Phylum Porifera- Sponges Phylum Cnidaria- Jellyfish, hydra, coral Phylum Platyhelminthes- flatworms, planaria Phylum Nematoda- roundworms
Phylum Annelida- segmented worms, earthworms, leech Phylum Mollusca- Snails, slugs, clams, squid, octopus Phylum Arthropoda- Spiders, crab, lobster, crayfish, insects Phylum Echinodermata- Starfish, sea urchin

25. Animalia: Phylum Chordata
5 classes in phylum chordata:
Class Reptilia - sea turtles, snakes, crocodiles
Class Amphibia - frogs, toads, salamander
Class Chondrichthyes - sharks, rays
Class Agnatha - lamprey
Class Mammalia - bears, camels, whales, humans