1. Regional Interactions 3 - Africa
African civilizations developed in sub-Saharan west and east Africa. Trade brought important economic, cultural and religious influences to African civilizations from other parts of the Eastern Hemisphere. States and Empires flourished in Africa during the medieval period, including Ghana, Mali and Songhai in West Africa, Axum in East Africa and Zimbabwe in Southern Africa

2. Ghana
Mali
Songhai
Axum
Zimbabwe

3. Axum
Located in the Ethiopian highlands, east of the Nile River and west of the Red Sea
What are highlands?
A hilly or mountainous region. Higher elevation.

4. Religion of Axum: Christianity
Axum became Christian because it became a thriving trade city and encountered Christians before Islam developed.
Its earliest king converted to Christianity
In 451 A.D., Ethiopia and Egypt split from the Roman Catholic Church and Axum later became an Orthodox Christian kingdom

5. Zimbabwe
Located between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers
near the Indian Ocean coast
City of Great Zimbabwe was the capital of a prosperous empire

7. West African kingdoms
Ghana, Mali, Songhai empires were located near the Niger River, south of the Sahara Desert
Ghana developed first, then Mali, then Songhai
Traders crossed the Sahara desert (Trans-Saharan trade) for gold and salt
Timbuktu was a center of trade and learning (Muslim)
Became Muslim during Mali Empire. Before that, animism was practiced

8. Salt in the Sahara

9. Ghana Gold!

10. Ghana Gold

11. Mosque in Timbuktu

12. What is Animism?
Religion practiced before Islam in much of Africa. Belief that soul or spirit is present in every object, including inanimate objects.