1. Cum Clauses A Dependent Clause
4 Types of Subjunctive “cum” clauses
Cum Temporal Clause
Cum Causal Clause
Cum Concessive Clause
Cum Circumstantial
These clauses utilize the present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect subjunctive tenses
Nota Bene: “cum” + ablative noun is a prepositional phrase

2. DEFINITION: When 1 thing occurs, something else HAPPENS to be going on
DEFINITION: When 1 thing occurs, something else HAPPENS to be going on. The events are otherwise unconnected; describes the precise “time” of an action
“cum” is translated as “when”(or “while”)
Used in a dependent clause with a INDICATIVE MOOD verb only
e.g. cum advēnistī, salīre parābam.
WHEN you arrived, I was preparing to jump.
Cum Temporal Clause*

3. Cum Circumstantial Clause*
DEFINITION: when 1 thing occurs, it triggers another thing.
“cum” is translated as “when”
Describes the general circumstances when main action occurred.
Used in a dependent clause with an INDICATIVE or SUBJUNCTIVE verb
Indicative example:
cum ades, minus timeō.
WHEN you are near, I am less afraid.
Subjunctive example:
cum adessēs, minus timēbam.
WHEN you were near, I was less afraid.
Cum Circumstantial Clause*

4. Cum Causal & Concessive Clause*
(CAUSAL)DEFINITION: an outcome occurs because of or SINCE something else happens or occurs i.e. this 1 explains the “cause” of an action
“cum” is translated as “since”
Used with a SUBJUNCTIVE verb only
e.g. cum cenaretis, cenabam quoque.
SINCE you all were eating, I ate also.
(CONCESSIVE) DEFINITION: an outcome occurs ALTHOUGH some other situation is present
“cum” is translated as “although”
e.g. cum magnopere timerem, tamen saluī.
Although I was very afraid, nevertheless
I jumped.
Cum Causal & Concessive Clause*